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A & P Exam 3 Bittar

Terms in this set (128)

What is our largest organ?
Skin
Skin account for ________ % of body weight.
7
Skin varies in thickness from ______ to ______ mm.
1.5;4.4
What two layers is the skin divided into?
Epidermis and Dermis
_________ lies deep to the dermis
hypodermis
What two types of tissue is the hypodermis composed of?
areolar and adipose
T/F? The hypodermis is part of the integumentary system.
False. It is not a part of the integumentary system, but shares some of the skin's properties.
What are six important functions of the hypodermis?
1. Protection
2.Body temperature regulation
3.Excretion
4.Production of vitamin D
5.Sensory reception
6.Blood Reservoir
Function of hypodermis: cushions organs and protects from bumps, chemicals, water loss, ultraviolet (UV) radiation
Protection
Function of hypodermis: capillary network and sweat glands regulate heat loss
Body temperature regulation
Function of hypodermis: urea, salts, and water lost through sweat
Excretion
Function of hypodermis: epidermal cells use UV radiation to synthesize vitamin D
Production of vitamin D
Function of hypodermis: contains sense organs associated with nerve endings
Sensory reception
label hair structure:
Function of hypodermis: 5% of total blood is found here.
Blood reservoir
_____________ layer of the skin is composed of keratinized squamous epithelium; avascular; recycle skin every 30-35 days.
Epidermis
What are the 4 cell types of the Epidermis?
1. Keratinocytes
2. Melanocytes
3. Tactile epithelial cells
4. Dendritic cells
__________________ are located in the stratum spinosum.
Keratinocyes & Dendritic cells
_______________ are located in the basal layer.
Melanocytes & Tactile epithelial cells
________ account for 90% of the skin.
Keratinocytes
________ account for 8% of the skin.
Melanocytes
______ account for 2% of the skin (each is 1%)
Markel/touch receptors and Lagerhans cells (melanocytes)
T/F? Bottom layers of the skin are flat, so all layers of the epidermis are flat too.
False. Not all bottom layers of the skin are flat, so not all layers of the epidermis are flat either.
______________ produce keratin, a fibrous protein
Keratinocytes
____________ manufacture and secrete pigment
Melanocytes
____________ attached to sensory nerve endings
Tactile epithelial cells
_________ part of immune system; macrophage-like
Dendritic cells
layers of epidermis (deep to superficial) (for thick skin)
1. Stratum basale (stratum geminativum) (Blood)
2. Stratum spinosum (Some)
3. Stratum granulosum (Give)
4. Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin) (Larry)
5. Stratum corneum (Can)
Why do we get scars?
We only recycle the epidermis layer, not all of the skin.
Deepest layer of the epidermis and attached to underlying dermis; cells actively divide here.
stratum basale
Stratum bale contains:
1. Tactile epithelial cells
2. Melanocytes
If a splinter/broken glass goes through the foot, what layer of the skin is effected?
Lucidum
Layers of the epidermis for thin skin (deep-superficial):
1. Stratum basale (stratum geminativum) (Blood)
2. Stratum spinosum (Some)
3. Stratum granulosum (Give)
4. Stratum corneum (Can)
Deeper layer of the dermis accounts for _______ % of the skin.
80%
-"spiny" layer of the skin
-contains thick bundles of intermediate filaments
-star-shaped dendritic cells
Stratum spinosum
-consists of a few layers of keratinocytes
-above stratum granulosum (cells are too far from dermal capillaries to receive nourishment)
Stratum granulosum
________ help form keratin
keratohyaline granules
________ contain waterproofing glycolipid
lamellar granules
-clear layer of the skin
-occurs only in thick skin
-composed of a few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes
Stratum lucidum
Where is thick skin located?
palms & soles
-horny layer of the skin
-thick layer of dead keratinocytes and thickened plasma membranes
-protects skin against abrasion and penetration
stratum corneum
____________ is the second major region of the skin
Dermis
Characteristics of the Dermis Layer:
1. Strong
2. Flexible connective tissue
3. Richly supplied with blood vessels and nerves
2 layers of the dermis:
1. Papillary Dermis
2. Reticular Dermis
areolar connective tissue with collagen an elastic fibers and blood vessels:
Papillary Dermis
Dermal papillae contain:
1. capillary loops
2. meissner's corpuscles
3. free nerve endings
Dermal papillae lie on __________
dermal ridges
elevations of dermal ridges are called
epidermal ridges (friction ridges)
Why are epidermal ridges needed?
-fingerprints (suspects)
-increase gripping ability of hands & feet
_________ accounts for 80% of dermal thickness.
Reticular dermis
Layer of the skin with dense irregular connective tissue, cleavage Lines, and flexure lines
Reticular Dermis
separation between collagen fibers
cleavage lines
What does dense irregular connective tissue in the reticular dermis do:
-makes cleavage lines
-collagen fibers give skin strength
deep creases in palms, writs, soles, fingers, and toes; has rich nerve supply; two vascular plexuses; blood vessels play important role in temperature regulation
flexure lines
Two vascular plexus of dermis
1. dermal plexus
2. subpapillary plexus
the head and limbs run ___________.
longitudinally (same direction)
the neck and trunk are __________ in motion
circularS
Stretch marks are also called _______ (flexure lines)
striae
___________ is deep to the skin & is also called the superficial fascia layer
hypodermis
The hypodermis contains ________ and ________ connective tissue.
areolar & adipose
4 characteristics of the hypodermis:
1. anchors skin to underlying structures
2. helps insulate the body
3. has different distribution in males and females
4. energizes `
3 pigments that contribute to skin color:
1. Melanin
2. Carotene
3. Hemoglobin
most important pigment- made of tyrosine
melanin
yellowish pigment from carrots and tomatoes
carotene
Caucasian skin contains little melanin; allows crimson color of blood to show through
hemoglobin
Bothe genes code for melanin production with this skin color
albinism
autoimmune disease where WBCs go after melanocytes
vitiligo
T/F? Skin diseases such as Jaundice (yellowish pigment) and Addison's (metallic pigment) disease can influence skin color.
True.
produce secretion; gland gets destroyed
Holocrine glands
Inflamed sebaceous glands result in _________
acne
___________ occur over entire body except palms and soles.
sebaceous glands
Sebaceous glands secrete __________, an oily substance.
sebum
T/F? sebaceous glands are never related to hair follicles.
False. they ALWAYS are.
T/F? Sweat glands are never related to hair follicles. They are coil based.
True
What are the functions of sebum:
collects dirt; softens and lubricates hair and skin
What do subaceous glands prevent?
water loss and inhibit bacterial growth
There are 3 million of these everywhere on the body except for the nipples and genetilia.
sweat glands
Widely distributed on the body
sweat glands (sudoriferous glands)
________ is a blood filtrate
sweat
Sweat accounts for _______% water with some salts and contains traces of ________ wastes, which is ____% urea.
99%; metabolic; 2%
What are two types of sweat glands:
1.Eccrine Glands (merocrine)
2.Apocrine Glands
most numerous sweat glands; these produce true sweat
eccrine gland (merocrine)
-confined to axillary, anal, and genital areas
-produce a special kind of sweat (musky odor that attracts mates)
-ceruminous glands and mammary glands
apocrine glands
modified apocrine glands
ceruminous glands
_______ is associated with apocrine glands; it prevents insects from entering
cerumen (wax)
mammary glands are referred to as
breasts
most skin tumors are _______ (do not metastasize)
benign
2 big risk factors for skin cancer includes:
-overexposure to UV radiation
-Frequent irritation of the skin
T/F? There are no lotions that contain enzymes in liposomes that can fix damaged DNA from effects of UV radiation.
False. there are many lotions.
Three major types of skin cancer:
1. Basal Carcinoma
2. Sqaumous cell carcinoma
3. Melanoma
Least malignant and most common skin cancer
basal cell carcinoma
second most common skin cancer
squamous cell carcinoma
most dangerous type of skin caner
melanoma
-stratum bale cells proliferate and slowly invade dermis and hypodermis
-cured by surgical excision in 99% of cases
Basal Cell Carcinoma
-involves keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
-most common on scalp, ears, lower lip, and hands
-good prognosis if treated by radiation therapy or removed surgically
squamous cell carcinoma
-involves melanocytes
-highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy
-treated by wide surgical excision accompanied by immunotherapy
-characteristics (ABCD rule)
melanoma
ABCD Rule:
A: ______
Asymmetry; the two sides of pigmented area do not match.
ABCD Rule:
B:_____
Border exhibits indentations
ABCD Rule:
C:_____
Color is black, brow, tan, and sometimes red or blue
ABCD Rule:
D:______
Diameter is larger than 6mm (size of a pencil eraser)
Heat, electricity, radiation, certain chemicals---________ (tissue damage, denatured protein, cell death)
Burns
Burns that are _______________: dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, leading to renal shutdown and circulatory shock
immediate threat
________________ used by physicians to estimate the degrees of burns on he surface of the skin
Rule of Nines
__________ is the method of dividing the body into 11 areas, each accounting for 9% of the total surface area + additional area for 1% (radiant).
Rule of Nines
First degree burns are called _________ and symptoms include redness.
Partial Thickness Burns
Burn where half of epidermal and half of the upper dermal are damaged and blisters appear.
Second Degree Burn
Third Degree burns are also called
Full thickness burns
Burn where entire thickness of skin is damaged
-gray-white, cherry red, or black
-no initial edema or pain (nerve endings destroyed)
-skin grafting usually necessary
Third Degree (full thickness burn)`
Burns are critical if
______% of the body has second-degree burns
>25%
Burns are critical if
_______%of the Boyd has third-degree burns
>10%
Burns are critical if
________, ________, or ________ bear third-degree burns.
face, hands, or feet
What developmental stage of Integumentary System does this happen in: skin thickens and accumulates more subcutaneous fat; sweat and sebaceous gland activity increases, leading to acne.
-optimal appearance during 20s and 30s
-After age 30, effects of cumulative environmental assaults start to show
Infancy to adulthood
What developmental stage of Integumentary System does this happen in:
-Epidermal replacement slows; skin becomes thin, dry, and itchy (decreased sebaceous gland activity)
-subcutaneous fat and elasticity decrease, leading to cold intolerance and wrinkles
-increased risk of cancer due to decreased numbers of melanocytes and dendritic cells
-hair thinning
Aging Skin
Ways to delay aging include:
-UV protection
-good nutrition
-lots of fluids
-good hygiene
This is also called hyline cartilage
-contains no blood vessels or nerves
Skeletal Cartilages
The human skeleton initially consist of just ________, which is replaced by _______, except in areas requiring flexibility.
cartilage; bone
________ is considered dead tissue.
cartilage
_______ is considered alive until you are dead.
bone
How many bones are in the human body?
206
What are the two groups bones are divided into?
1. Axial Skeleton (80 bones)
2. Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones)
Bones that are categorized into the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage are called the _________.
Axial Skeleton
Bones that are categorized into the hands, feet, and 20 bones in limbs and other areas are called the ________.
Appendicular Skeleton
How many bones does the skull have and what are they?
29 bones (22 bones and 7 associated bones)
-6 ossicles
-1 hyoid
How many bones does the vertebral column have and what are the regions?
26 Bones
-7 Cervical
-12 Thoracic
-5 Lumbar
-1 Sacrum
-1 Coccyx
How many bones does the rib cage consist of and what are they?
25 bones
-12 pairs of ribs and the sternum
How many bones do the hands have and what are they?
54 bones
27 bones in each hand
-8 carpals
-5 metacarpals
-14 phalanges
How many bones do the feet have and what are they?
52 bones (26 bones in each foot)
-7 tarsals
-5 metatarsals
-14 phalanges
How many bones are in the limbs and other areas, what are they?
20 bones
-2 femur
-2 humerus
-2 tibia
-2 fibula
-2 radius
-2 ulna
-2 clavicles
-2 scapula
-2 coxal
-2 patella
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