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American History II - Unit 16: Modern America (Terms)
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Terms in this set (28)
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)
international oil cartel representing the majority of all oil produced in the world that attempts to limit production to raise prices.
Department of Energy (1977)
created to help get the country to cut down on its consumption of energy (fossil fuels) and look for more efficient energy sources such as solar, wind and nuclear power.
affirmative action
policy in educational admissions or job hiring that gives special attention/treatment to traditionally disadvantaged groups in an effort to overcome present effects of past discrimination; can lead to reverse discrimination
Camp David Accords (1978)
President Carter helped negotiate Middle East peace agreements between Egypt and Israel making Egypt the first Arab nations to formally recognize Israel.
Iran Hostage Crisis (1979-1981)
Iran revolutionaries took 52 American hostages at the U.S. embassy and held them for 444 days hoping to punish the US for other perceived past wrongs.
liberal
political point of view for change and progressive reform where government plays an active role in solving social problems while helping protect the people's rights and help disadvantaged people through regulations an social programs.
conservative
political point of view for maintaining traditional ideas, conditions, and institutions that limit change where free unregulated economy and limited government should provide citizens with the freedom to pursue their own goals through personal responsibility rather than government intervention..
Reaganomics (trickle-down economics)
Reagan's economic program; founded on the belief that a capitalist system with low taxation and government involvement would be most productive, and that the prosperity of a rich upper class would "trickle down" to the poor.
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer spaced; called "Star Wars" by critics, the plan typified Reagan's commitment to vigorous defense spending.
perestroika and glasnost
Gorbachev's policies to reconstruct
and provide openness
to reform the Soviet Union and give Russians more civil liberties leading to the breakup of Soviet Union.
Iran-Contra Affair
involved high officials in the Reagan administration secretly selling arms to Iran (in return for the release of Western hostages in the Middle East) and illegally using the money earned to finance the Contra rebels in Nicaragua.
INF Treaty (Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty)
signed by Reagan & Gorbachev that provided for the dismantling of all intermediate range nuclear weapons in Russia and all of Europe; considered by some to be Reagan's single most important piece of foreign policy and signaling the beginning of the end of the Cold War.
Persian Gulf War (1991)
Conflict between Iraq and a coalition of countries led by the U.S. to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait which had invaded in hopes of controlling the oil supply. A very one-sided war with the U.S. coalition emerging victorious but fueling anti-American sentiments who saw Western influence in the Middle East as a threat to their cultural society.
Texas v. Johnson (1989)
Flag-burning is symbolic speech with a political purpose and is protected by 1st Amendment.
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
law requires employers and public facilities to make "reasonable accommodations" for people with disabilities and prohibits discrimination against these individuals in employment.
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)
A trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries.
Oklahoma City Bombing (1995)
Bombing of a federal building set off by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols that killed 168 people, including 19 children in the building's day-care center A bombing that had the most deaths and considered the worst domestic terrorist attack carried out by Americans.
Impeachment of Bill Clinton
second U.S. Presidential impeached on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice associated with the Monica Lewinsky scandal but acquitted by the Senate.
Election of 2000
closest election in US history between Al Gore and George W. Bush with the election result coming down to Florida in a vote too close to call, Democrats ask for manual recount but the Supreme Court in Bush v. Gore rules that they cannot recount leading Bush to win.
No Child Left Behind Act (2001)
requires states to set standards and assessments in basic skills to be given to all students in certain grades representing a dramatic expansion of the federal role in education.
9/11 terrorist attacks
the U.S. was attacked by the Al Qaeda with four hijacked airplanes crashing in New York, Washington D.C. and Pennsylvania which resulted in the War on Terrorism and the Patriot Acts.
Al Qaeda
network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on US embassies in Africa in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the 9/11 attacks.
War on Terror
after 9/11, President Bush declared a worldwide war aimed at defeating international terrorist organizations, destroying terrorist training camps and bringing terrorists themselves to justice.
Patriot Act (2001)
act passed in response to the 9/11 terror attacks granting broad police authority to the federal, state, and local governments to interdict, prosecute, and convict suspected terrorists such as wiretapping and surveillance; 4th Amendment concern for civil liberties.
Department of Homeland Security (2002)
established after 9/11 attacks to prevent terrorist attacks, manages disaster response programs and enforces border security.
Iraq War (2003)
U.S. and its allies conduct a preemptive strike to take out Saddam Hussein and supposed weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) that were a threat to the security of the region.
Great Recession (2007-2009)
Worst economic downturn since the Great Depression, resulting from the bursting of the housing bubble in late 2007, sharp downturn in consumer spending, chaos on Wall Street and the financial markets and a very high unemployment rate.
Affordable Care Act (ACA) (2010)
federal law which prohibits insurers from denying coverage to individuals with pre-existing conditions, sets minimum standards for health insurance policies, includes an individual mandate for individuals to have a health insurance policy, and expands Medicaid eligibility for many individuals and families.
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