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Dino Exam 2 LECTURE

Terms in this set (132)

what does evolution explain
patterns in time, space, and form
when was scientific revoltuion
1543
who were the 3 main people in scientific revolution
nicholas copernicus, leonardo da vinci, andreas vesalius
who guys dissected humans and other mammals and detected similarities
vesalius
where do modern stromatolites live
northern australia
what do modern stramatolites do
rest on rocks as seaweeds, they are some oldest fossils known with descendants, and single celled
what's important about paleozoic
first animals with backbones (notochords)
when are sauropods found; what time period
Mesozoic
what time period are giant ground sloths from; first people in North America ate them
quaternary
evolution in patterns in time
fossil record
evolution in patterns in space
different flora and fauna in tropical, desert, and arctic regions
what's the permian desert plant fossil found in South America, Africa, India, Antarctica and Australia
Glossopterus
evolution in biological patterns time, space, and
form
what is the growth of a single individual; life history called
ontogeny
what is the evolution of lineages and species
phylogeny
who studied geographic variations and similarities and wrote Jardin de Plantes, Paris
Georges-Luis Leclerc Comte de Buffon 1707-1788
who argued hat natural selection led up to white french males and that species rise from other species
Jean Baptiste Lamarck 1744-1839
when did Darwin's studies begin
1839
Lamarck said evolution is driven by
inner need
who voyaged and skeleton collected in Britain
John Hunter
who wrote "zootomia" and said life is a tree and everything is connected
Darwin's grandpa Erasmus Darwin 1731-1802
who wrote "origin of species" in 1859
Charles Darwin 1809-1882
variation occurs in all natural populations providing the basis for ...
natural/sexual selection
Darwin said descent came with
modification
Darwin said modification s driven by
natural selection
darwin said natural selection acts on
natural variation among individuals in population
darwin said natural selection is
non directional
darwin said that traits that are elected for or against are contingent on the
conditions for existence and reproductive success
darwin said evolution is a highly
contingent process
why is Linnaeus famous
Systema Naturae 1758
Linnaeus' Systema Naturae made classification ranked as a
class
Linnaeus spawned the theory of
evolution with phylogenetic systematics (cladistics)
phylogenetic nomenclature is partly
hierarchal and no ranks
what is an evolutionary map of relationships and phylogeny
cladogram
what is a monophyletic group
an ancestor and all of its descendants
what does the vertebrate head have
huge brains
olfactory system at front of head
optic capsule
otic capsule
lateral line system
what's olfactory system for
smell
what's optic capsule for
eyes
what's otic capsule for
balance and receiving vibrations
ontogeny is
the development of an individual organism
who had bronchial arches
ancestral vertebrates
what did bronchial arches do
support its gill membranes
in the gnathostone, the first bronchial arch was modified to form
jaws
cladistics is based on
heritable characters
linnean's system grouped organisms by
similarity
what are the 3 heritable characteristics
morphological, molecular, behavioral
what are morphological characteristics
skeleton, muscles, nervous system
what is molecular characteristic
DNA
what are behavioral characteristics
mating, calls
cladograms represent a
HYPOTHESIS of evolutionary relationships
what's a unit of biological diversity called
taxon
what on the cladogram represents lineage of interbreeding organisms
branch
what on the cladogram represents a split in the lineage or speciation event
node
what on the cladogram is found at the end of the branches
terminal taxa
what are 2 taxa called that share a common ancestor and meet at first node
sister taxa
what are represented in the picture
cladogram
cladistics recognizes ONLY
monophyletic groups
what's a group of ancestor + some descendants
paraphyletic group
what's a group that does not share recent common ancestor and grouped by similarity
polyphyletic group
example of polyphyletic group
dolphins and sharks; snakes and worms
history of an individual organism
ontogeny
evolution of history of a lineage of an organism
phylogeny
genealogical diagram depicting phylogeny
cladogram
character that was an evolutionary novelty
synapomorphy
character that was inherited from a distant ancestor
plesiomorphy
what are the building blocks of our body
proteins
DNA to RNA is
transcription
RNA to protein is
translation
at the beginning of life 3.5 billion years ago, organisms died of
oxygen
2 billion years ago organisms started to
reproduce
when did vertebrates begin
600 million years ago
what do vertebrates have
big hearts, tons of muscles
at the time vertebrates began, what were the big hearts useful for
muscles for locomotion in fish which were top predators at the time
what's another way to say monophyletic group
clade
what's a derived character (new)
apomorphy
what's a derived character present in only one taxon
autapomorphy
what's the similarity resulting form shared ancestry called
homology
what's the similarity due to similarities sin behaviors called
homoplasy
characters in cladograms should be
heritable
independent of one another
unambiguous
repeatable
what is riparian
reasonable use for those with property bordering moving water
what's the stem plus the crown called
totalclade
what are the bones of scales or spikes of the stegosaurus and crocodiles called
osteoderms
what's the system of serially repeated parts
vertebral column
why do snakes have a loosely constructed skull
to open their jaws to eat whatever's larger than their head whole
what are the biggest squamates within lepidosauria
snakes
what animal is specialized for running
cursorial
characteristics of cursorial animals
short proximal limbs, long distal limbs
example of cursorial animals
cheetah, ostrich
what animal is specialized for digging/burrowing
fossorial
characteristics of fossorial animals
short limbs, huge hands, tube body
examples of fossorial animasl
moles and badgers
what animals are specialized for swimming
natatorial
characteristics of natatorial animals
short limbs but powerful
examples of natatorial animals
seals and dolphins
animals specialized for hopping
saltation animals
characteristics of saltation animals
all hindlimb bones elongated
examples of saltation animals
frogs and kangaroos
animals with column-like limbs
columnistic/graviportal animals
examples of graviportal animals
elephants and sauropod dinos
animals specialized for climbing
scansorial animals
characteristics of scansorial animasl
grabby hands and feet, prehensile tails (wrap)
good forward eye-sight; big eyes
examples of scansorial animals
opossum
animals specialized for flying
volant animals
characteristics of volant animals
elongated foregarms
examples of volant animals
bats, birds
what's the term for standing with the foot flat on the ground
plantigrade
what animals are plantigrade
bears, humans
term for standing with heal off the ground and phalanges on ground
digitigrade
what animal is digitigrade
dogs
term for standing with only tips of phalanges on grounds (nails)
unguligrade
what animal is unguligrade
horse
animal that lives primarily in trees
arboreal
dentition in which teeth do not vary in size or shape throughout jaw
homodonty
example of animals with homodonty
fish eating animals
dentition with teeth of different sizes shapes functions in different regions of jaw
heterodonty
example of animals with heterodonty
dogs, cats, humans
what's the term for feeding on hard materials
durophagy
by looking at dog's teeth we know they are
carnivores
by looking at cat's teeth we know they are
hyper carnivores (only meat)
by looking at horse's death we know they
herbivores
posture terms for how foot is oriented determine what in an animal
locomotive behavior
when did someone illustrate a femur of a dino
1677
who found teeth of an iguanodon
Gideon and Mary Mantell in 1822
who described the first dino tracks thinking they were bird tracks in Connecticut
Edward Hitchcock in 1836
who invented the word DINOSAURIA and said "fearfully great Saurian reptiles"
Sir Richard Owen 1841
Richard Own Moment was that contemporary theories of evolution conveyed not progress to humans but
DEGENERATION
Richard Owen said that the giant bird bone someone gave him to examine was a giant bird ostrich thing that people had hunted in New Zealand and went extinct before Europeans got there
...
who studied bird ontogeny and compsognathus (small jurassic dino birds evolved from flying dinos)
Carl Gegenbaur
who looked at the most reptile like bird and most bird like reptile
Thomas Huxley
what is the most reptile like bird
Archaeopteryx
Thomas Huxley is the one who said there was a problem with systematics and should go to phylogenetics
...
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