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AP Euro - Unit 8

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World War I

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(1914 - 1918) European war in which an alliance including Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and the United States defeated the alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria.

Image: World War I

A war in which distinctions between the soldiers on the battlefield and civilians at home are blurred, and where the government plans and controls economic and social life in order to supply the armies at the front with supplies and weapons.

Triple Alliance

The alliance of Austria, Germany, and Italy. Italy left the alliance when war broke out in 1914 on the grounds that Austria had launched a war of aggression.

Image: Triple Alliance

Schlieffen Plan

Failed German plan calling for a lightning attack through neutral Belgium and a quick defeat of France before turning on Russia.

Image: Schlieffen Plan

The alliance of Great Britain, France, and Russia prior to and during the First World War.

Image: Triple Entente

A type of fighting used in World War I behind rows of trenches, mines, and barbed wire; the cost in lives was staggering and the gains in territory minimal.

Image: Trench Warfare

Armenian Genocide (1915)

Some welcome the Russians as liberators. Muslim Ottoman government orders a genocidal mass deportation of Armenians- 1.5 million died from murder, starvation and disease.

Image: Armenian Genocide (1915)

Russian Revolution (1905)

Spontaneous rebellion that erupted in Russia after the country's defeat at the hands of Japan; the revolution was suppressed, but it forced the government to make substantial reforms.

Russian Revolution (1917)

The Russian Revolution was a pair of revolutions in Russia which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the rise of the Soviet Union. The Russian Empire collapsed with the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II and the old regime was replaced by a provisional government during the first revolution of February (March in the Gregorian calendar; the older Julian calendar was in use in Russia at the time). Alongside it arose grassroots community assemblies (called 'Soviets') which contended for authority. In the second revolution that October, the Provisional Government was toppled and all power was given to the Soviets.

Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924)

Leader of the Bolshevik (later Communist) Party. He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed.

Image: Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924)

Leon Trotsky (1879-1940)

A leader who had planned the 1917 takeover and formed the Red Army. "Permanent revolution" -Socialism in the Soviet Union could only succeed if rev. quickly spread throughout Europe. Defeated by Stalin, who eventually killed him and rose to power.

Image: Leon Trotsky (1879-1940)

Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)

After Lenin died in 1924, he defeated Trotsky to gain power in the U.S.S.R. He created consecutive five year plans to expand heavy industry. He tried to crush all opposition and ruled as the absolute dictator of the U.S.S.R. until his death.

Image: Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)

Petrograd Soviet

A huge, fluctuating mass meeting of two to three thousand workers, soldiers, and socialist intellectuals modeled on the revolutionary soviets of 1905.

Image: Petrograd Soviet

Lenin's radical, revolutionary arm of the Russian party of Marxist socialism, which successfully installed a dictatorial socialist regime in Russia.

Image: Bolsheviks

The party which opposed to the Bolsheviks. Started in 1903 by Martov, after dispute with Lenin. The Mensheviks wanted a democratic party with mass membership.

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