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Chapter 8

Terms in this set (145)

carbohydrates
___ are used as cellular energy sources because they are superior electron donors.
enzymes
Changes in environmental conditions can cause the denaturalization of cellular ___ and can block metabolic reactions and ultimatley result in cell death.
no longer being synthesized
The terminology "enzyme repression" implies that the enzyme is
nucleic acids, cell wall, slime layer, capsule, & glycogen
Carbohydrates are important in the structure of which of the following cellular components?
anaerobic
In ___ respiration, oxygen is not the terminal acceptor.
activating the gene responsible for a particular enzyme
The word "induction" when used to describe enzyme induction is in reference to
amphilbolism
What term is used to describe the link between anabolic and catabolic reactions where immediate metabolites can move between the reactions?
Chemiosmosis
___ is the generation of a proton motive force by the pumping of hydrogen ion to the outer side of the membrane during electron transport and the movement of those hydrogen ions down their...
substrate level
The ATP generated in the Krebs cycle is produced by __ phosphorylation.
NADPH, ATP, CO2
Identify the direct components used to generate sugar in the calvin cycle.
constitutive
A(n) ___ enzyme describes an enzyme present in constant amounts regardless of the presence of substate.
amphibolism
What term is used to describe the integration of catabolic reactions to improve cellular efficiency?
chemicals, high temps, changes in PH
Which of the following can result in the denaturalization of enzymes?
binary fusion
Which energy requiring process results in the formation of a new cell?
induction
Enzyme ___ is a type of control of enzyme synthesis where enzymes are made only when suitable substrates are present.
chemiosmosis
What term is used to describe the proton motive force?
denitrification
The return of nitrogenous compounds to the atmosphere at the end of the nitrogen cycle is called ____
constitutive enzymes
What name is used to describe enzymes that are generally found at constant amounts in the cell independent on substrate concentrations?
sulfate, nitrate, carbonate
Which oxidized compound can be used as a final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?
Acetyl acid
Which compound feeds directly into the Krebs cycle?
phosphorylation
The first step in glycolysis is the ___ of glucose.
anabolism, binary fission
When___ (processes) synthesizes sufficient macromolecules to support two cells and the chromosome has been duplicated, a bacterial cell will divide by a process called ____ _____.
glucose is split into 2 intermediates at step 4
Why do the last five reactions of glycolysis occur twice for each glucose substrate?
chemiosmosis
What term is used to describe the proton motive force?
enzymes are not used up in the reaction they catalyze; enzymes lower the energy of activation for the reaction they catalyze
Which of the following statements about enzymes are true?
substrate level
During the last steps of glycolysis, ATP is generated by ____ ____ phosphorylation.
Amphibolism
___ describes a metabolism where the intermediate products of catabolic reactions can be used in anabolic reactions.
alcoholic fermintation, acidic fermintation
Identify two fermintation pathways.
2, 2
During acetyl coA formation____ co2 and ___ NADH are produced per initial glucose that enters glycolysis.
chemiosmosis
___ is the generation of a proton....
substate, type of action, site of action
Enzymes are named and classified according to their
2
How many net ATP are generated during fermintation?
cellular
In prokaryotes, the protons are pumped actively across the ___ membrane by the elctron transport carriers.
fermentation
The incomplete breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen that yields only a small amount of ATP and produces a variety of byproducts is a process called
coenzymes
Which of the following act as an electron carrier for redox reactions in metabolism?
vitamins
___ are principle components of coenzymes and is the reason why they are important components of our diet.
lowers
Typically, the presence of enzymes ___ the activation energy for a reaction to proceed.
enzymes
___ are proteins composed of amino acids and can act as a cellular catalyst.
ATP forms by substrate level phosphorylation
What occurs in the last 3 steps of glycosis?
2
For each molecule of glucose that enters gylcosis, the last five reactions occur
6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4Co2, 2 ATP
For each glucose that enters glycolysis the Krebs cycle produces
substrate level
The Krebs cycle generates ATP by ___ phosphorylation
dependent on the products from the light reaction to work
The Calvin cycle is
two
Typically, ___ ATP are netted by fermentation.
oxygen
Which is NOT associated with fermentation?
oxygen, anaerobic
Fermentation allows survival and growth in the absence of ___ and allows colonization of ___ environments.
celluar
In prokaryotes, the protons are pumped actively across the ___ membrane by the electron transport carriers.
2 NADH 2 Co2
For each glucose that enters glycolysis acetyl coA formation results in the production of
replenshes nitrogen in the atmosphere
What is the ecological benefit of denitrificaion?
coverted into fructose 6 phosphate
What happens to glucose 6 phosphate in glycolysis?
ATP, substrates, water, cofactor/coenzyme
Identify all the possible "needs" for an enzyme to work.
when oxygen is low
When would human cells use fermentation as opposed to respiration to produce ATP?
anoxygneic
Green and purple bacteria undergo...
acid, oxaloacetic
The first step of Krebs cycle....
9
Glycoysis has ___ steps.
8
How many steps compose the Krebs cycle?
apoenzyme
A non functional enzyme which needs cofactor
ATP
Which energy rich product of aerobic
proton motive force
The active pumping of hydrogen ions ___ ___ ___
formic, lactic, succinic, acetic
In mixed acid fermentation pyruvic acid converted
Autotrophs
Which of the following can synthezised macro from Co2?
FAD
Using abbreviated acronym common coenzyme carrier
phosphogluconate pathway
Which of the following is an alternate carbo pathway?
homolactic
The souring of milk...
denitrification
___ is an important process that is involved in the recycling the nitrogen....
carbon fixation
Which of the following describe the process occuring during the Calvin cycle?
Less ATP and absence of NADPH
Which is true regarding anoxygenic photosynthesis as compared to...
bacteria
____ are a domain of life which contain anoxygenic organisms.
ubiquinone
Coenzyme Q is also known as what?
pace
Often, regulation of metabolic pathways occurs with activation or repression of ___ maker enzyme
fixation
The addition of carbon dioxide to ribulose 1, 5 bisphosphate to begin the calvin cycle is known as
exoenzyme
A ____ describes any enzyme that works outside a cell in which it was produced.
one enzyme
Typically, each reaction in a metabolic pathway will requite
cyclic
Metabolic pathways in which the starting molecule is regenerated....
Krebs cycle, glycolysis, respirtory chain
The primary catabolism of fuel molecules...
O2
The final step of the ETS in aerobic...
bind to a cofactor
For an apoenzyme to become functional...
substrate
Regulated enzyme activity is completely dependent...
sugars
Which of the following make the "Best" electron donor...
flagella
Carbohydrates are NOT important in the structure of....
heterotrophs
Some ___ can synthezie all cellular
endoenzyme
What term is used to describe enzymes which work...
glucose will yield 2 pruvates
Which of the following identifies the best reason for the Krebs cycle....
sun
The ultimate source of almost all chemical energy on earth is the...
redox reactions
Which type of reactions supply electrons to the electron support system?
proton motive force
A hydrogen ions accumulate between the inner and outer membrane..
allosteric
The regulatory site of an enzyme can also be referred
NAD
In step 5 of glycolysis
Induced fit
Slight changes occur in shapes
cellular
In prokaryotes the protons are pumped actively across...
heterotrophes
Some ___ can synthesize all cellular molecules
protons
The impermeability of inner cristae....
phosphogluconate
An alternate pathway used by some bacteria...
cytochrome oxidase
Cytochrome aa3 also known as
Adenoslne triphosphate
What do the letters ATP
sulfate, nitrate, carbonate
Which oxidized compound can be used as final electrol
cytochrome
A ___ is an iron containing
thylakoid
During light dependent reactions of the
cofactor
A ___ is an organic or inorganic enzyme accessory
electrons; protons
Electron carriers shuttle both...
exoenzyme
Which term is used to describe enzymes that work OUTSIDE the cell?
carotenoids
The __ are red orange and yellow pigments
noncompetitive
An inhibioor which binds to a site other than...
simple; conjugated
A ___ enzyme consists of protein alone...
both types of reactions
Enzymes serve as catalysts for:
oxygen
For aerobic respiration which is the final electron acceptor?
competitive
___ enzyme inhibition is a mechanism of regulation...
ethanol, acetic acid, lactic acid, propionic acid
During fermentation different organisms reduce...
oxygen
Which of the following is NOT a terminal electron accepter in anaerobic respiration?
non competitive
In ___ enzyme inhibition a regulatory molecule binds to a site other...
NADH is oxidized to NAD
Which occurs during fermentation?
pyrimidines, purines
Identify which of the following can be anabolically produced...
less
Fermentation results in the production of ___ ATP
Fermentation
requires an organic electron acceptro
an important site for substance entering and leaving the cell
Periplasmic space is
cell wall
The outcome of the Gram stain is
cell membrane
In bacterial cells the electron transport system is located in the
50s
The size of a eukaryotic cell ribosome is
protein synthesis would stop
The most immediate result of destruction of a cell's ribosome would be
feedback inhibition
When enzyme action stops due to a buildup of end product this control is called
NaDP
Each are electron carriers except
algea and protozoa
Protists include
fungi
Chitin is a chemical component of the cell walls of
produces glucose as an end product
Which of the following are characterists of Calvin cycle?
hydrogen and electron
FAD, NADP, NAD, and coenzyme A are ___ carriers
electron transport system
In what stage of aerobic respiration is water produced?
cell walls
Peptidologan is a unique...
protozoa
cilia are found in certain
cyst
During unfavorable growth conditions, many protozoa can convert to a resistant, dormant stage called a _____.
palisade
Cells form a _____ arrangement when cells in a chain snap back upon each other forming a row of cells oriented side by side.
they are sexual spores
What do zygospores, ascospores, and basidiospores have in common?
nucleus
Which of the following characteristics is NOT a property of a living thing?
FALSE
ATP molecules are catalysts that lower the activation energy needed to initiate a reaction.
false
The best way to control a metabolic pathway is to control the fastest enzyme in the series.
nucleolus
The site for ribosomal RNA synthesis is the
Cytoplasm, rough endoplasmic reticulum
In eukaryotic cells, ribosomes have two locations: scattered in the _____ and on the surface of _____.
are found in acid fast bacterial cell walls.
All of the following pertain to endotoxins, except they
Pyruvic acid accepts electrons from NADH
which of the following is not involved in the step that occurs between glycolysis and the krebs cycle
amino
Amination is the addition of a/an _____ group to a carbon skeleton.
low temp
Which of the following are denaturing agents except
mithochondria
The eukaryotic cell organelle that most resembles a bacterial cell is the
fungi
Fungal spores are used to identify
condensation
___ reactions are anabolic reactions ligases....
FALSE
Plankton are floating communties of hem...
inclusions
All of the following structures contribute to the ability of pathogenic bacteria to cause disease, except
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