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Exam 3

Terms in this set (46)

What are the two signals T cells require to become fully activated
MHC:peptide complex to activate IL-2 gene and APC through CD28 on T cells
If there i now signal, T cells enter a state of _______________
anergy
A variety of Th subtypes exist with unique sets of __________________ function
effector
The "decision" an activated T cell makes to adopt one set of characteristics or another is dependent upon ________________________ produced by DC's or other accessory cells
third signal factors
Soluble factors secreted by ___________ and perhaps other accessory cells which provide a third signal to T cells that affects their development
DCs
Th1
IFN-gamma = high
IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 = low
Th2
IFN-gamma = low
IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 = high
___________ dictates whether a cells will become Th1 and Th2
IL-12
protozooan parasites transmitted by the bite of the sand fly
Leishmania
caused by mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
localized infection analogous to the "Bagdhad Boil"
Tuberculoid leprosy
disseminated disease form of Leprosy
lepromatous leprosy
The Th1 effectors have surface proteins called ___________________
CD40 ligand
When the macrophage is presenting antigen to the T cell, the two are in close proximity and _____________ can signal through the _____________ counterreceptor on the macrophage
CD40 ligand, CD40
Activated Th1 cells produce a host of factors that each coordinately support immunity against ___________________________________
intravesicular pathogens
Sometimes cell mediated immunity is incompletely successful in eliminating the pathogen. In these cases, the immune system pursues a ____________ strategy through the production of ____________________
containment, granuloma
The center of the granuloma contains infected macrophages that have undergone membrane fusion to form multinucleated __________________
giant cells
Giant cells are surrounded by a layer of infected, but infused macrophages called ___________________
epitheloid cells
Epitheloid cells are surrounded by an outer layer of
T lymphocytes
Th2 type T cells specialize in supporting ____________________ immunity
humoral
Th2 is adapted for eliminating multicellular _______________ because interplay between Th2 cells, mast cells, and eosinophils
helminths
Binding of antigen to cell-bound IgE allows for _______________ release by mast cells at the site of infection
histamne
poisonous to helminths, increases mucous production and gut motility, facilitating the flushing out of the parasites
histamine
can mediate a form of Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity whereby they disgorge their granular contents upon the helminths and kill them directly
eosinophils
The newest accepted Th subset
Th17
associated with successful clearance of a variety of infections including bacterial and fungi
Th17 responses
different from other subsets because they are not thought to promote immune responses, but rather limit them. Maintain peripheral tolerance and may tone down the severity of strong ongoing inflammatory responses and may help quiet things down once the microbial threat is eliminated
Treg
IL12 gives rise to ____________ helper T cells
Th1
IL4 gives rise to ____________ helper T cells
Th2
IL23, 6, 1-beta gives rise to ____________ helper T cells
Th17
TGF-beta gives rise to ____________ helper T cells
Treg
Human DC require dual ____________ or _____________ single
TLR ligand, IFN-gamma plus
CTL can directly kill ___________ or otherwise ____________ self cells
infected, altered
Activation requirements for CTL are a bit more stringent than Th. Newly activated CTL do not always make their own ___________
IL-2
Once a naive T cells is activates and gains effector function, its requirements for re-activation in the periphery are ________________. Co-stimulation with _____ molecules are no longer needed
less stringent, B7
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes begin the production of _________ after initial activation in secondary lymphoid tissues
cytotoxins
a family of serine proteases
granzymes
a protein with detergent-like properties
granulysin
__________ and _____________ form pores in the membrane of the terget
granulysin, perforin
characterized by a condensation of the nucleus and DNA fragmentation with formation of membrane vesicles, while maintaining a well-defined membrane
apoptosis
CTL induce apoptosis by a second mechanism that involves surface expressionon of ______________ that signals through ____________ on the target cell
Fas ligand, Fas
Thick fluid that contains glycoproteins, proteoglycans, peptides and enzymes
mucous
A layer of ________________ line mucosal surfaces
epithelial cells
synthesize vitamin K in the gut which serves as an important clotting factor
Gut Bacteria
largest lymph nodes in the body
mesenteric lymph nodes
connective tissues layers underlying the gut mucosa
lamina propria
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