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AP Psychology: Unit 8 Motivation, Emotion, and Stress

Terms in this set (63)

motivation
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
instinct
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
psychological need
a basic bodily requirement
drive-reduction theory
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
incentive
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Yerkes-Dodson law
the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases
hierarchy of needs
Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active
glucose
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger
set point
the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
basal metabolic rate
the body's resting rate of energy output
obesity
defined as a body mass index (BMI) measurement of 30 or higher. (Overweight individuals have a BMI of 25 or higher.)
affiliation need
the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group
ostracism
deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups
narcissism
excessive self-love and self-absorption
achievement motivation
a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastering skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard
grit
in psychology, passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals
emotion
a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal,
(2) expressive behaviors, and
(3) conscious experience
James-Lange Theory
the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulis:
stimulus -> arousal ->emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory
the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers
(1) physiological responses and
(2) the subjective experience of emotion
two-factor theory (Schachter-Singer theory)
theory that to experience emotion one must
(1) be physically aroused and
(2) cognitively label the arousal
polygraph
a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes)
spillover effect
arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event
Zajonc; LeDoux
some embodied responses happen instantly, without conscious appraisal (LeDoux - low road)
high road; low road
In the two track brain, sensory output may be routed
a) _________- to the cortex (via the thalamus) for analysis and then transmission to the amygdala or
b) _________- directly to the amygdala (via the thalamus) for an instant emotional reaction
Lazarus
Cognitive appraisal sometimes without our awareness defines emotion
appraise
Lazarus said emotions arise when we __________ an event as harmless or dangerous.
appraise
interpret
reappraisal
change interpretations
sympathetic
The _________ division of the autonomous nervous system mobilizes your body for action by directing adrenal glands to release the stress hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline.
parasympathetic
The _________ division of the autonomous nervous system that gradually calms the body, as stress hormones slowly leave the bloodstream.
insula
neural center deep inside the brain that Is activated when we experience various negative social emotions such as lust, pride, and discussed
empathy
the ability to identify with others and appraise a situation as they do
display rules
cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions
facial feedback effect
the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness
behavior feedback effect
the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions
stress
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
acculturative stress
the stress that results from the pressure of adapting to a new culture
fight or flight
theory proposed by Walter Cannon that states the stress response is part of a unified mind-body system; arousing events trigger the sympathetic nervous system to prepare our body for a response; adrenal gland produces epinephrine (adrenaline) and nor-epinephrine (nor-adrenaline); our body has increased heart rate and respiration, diverts blood from digestion to skeletal muscles, dulls feelings of pain, releases sugar from body's fat stores.
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
tend-and-befriend response
under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)
health psychology
a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine
psychoneuroimmunology
the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
coronary heart disease
the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries
Type A
Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
Type B
Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people
catharsis
in psychology, the idea that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
aerobic exercise
sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety
oxytocin
social bonding hormone released, for example, by cuddling, massage, or breast feeding; one genetic indicator of optimism is a gene that enhances this hormone.
mindfulness meditation
a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner
faith factor
religiously active people tend to live longer than those who are not religiously active
feel-good, do-good phenomenon
people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
humanistic psychologists
interested in advancing human fulfillment
positive psychology
the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive
subjective well-being
self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life
positive well-being
positive psychology movement's first pillar; satisfaction with the past, happiness with the present, and optimism about the future
positive character
positive psychology movement's second pillar; focuses on enhancing creativity, courage, compassion, integrity, self-control, leadership, wisdom, and spirituality.
positive groups, communities, and cultures
positive psychology movement's third pillar; seeks to foster a positive social ecology, including healthy families, communal neighborhoods, effective schools, socially responsible media, and civil dialogue.
neurogenesis
the formation of new neurons
biofeedback
a system of recording , amplifying, and feeding back information about subtle physiological responses, many controlled by the autonomous nervous system
adaptation-level phenomenon
our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience
relative deprivation
the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself
happiness set point
Depending on our genes, our outlook, and our recent experiences, our happiness seems to fluctuate around a certain point, which disposes some people to be more positive and others more negative.
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