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fundamentals of nursing ch 39 oxygenation

Terms in this set (67)

adventitious breath sounds
extra or additional sounds that are heard over normal breath sounds. sounds are superimposed or added on top of normal breath sounds
upper airway
composed of the nose, pharynx, larynx, and epiglottis, its main function is to warm, filter, and humidify ;inspired air
lower airway
known as the treacheobronchial tree, includes the treachea, right and left main stem bronchi, segemental bronchi, and terminalbronchioles
mucus
what airways are lined with, which trap cells, particles, and infectious debris
cilia
microscopic hair-like projections, propel trapped material and accompanying mucus toward the upper airway so they can be removed by coughing
right lung
has 3 lobes: superior, middle, and inferior
left lung
has 2 lobes: superior and inferior
alveoli
tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood
surfactant
a detergent-like phospholipid, reduces the surface tension between the moist membranes of the alveoli, preventing their collapse
visceral pleura
covers the lungs
parietal pleura
lines the thoracic cavity
pleural fluid
This is the name of a watery fluid produced in the thoracic cavity. The fluid comes from the blood. It has three major functions: lubrication, reducing heat buildup, and to create surface tension which causes the lungs to remain against the thoracic wall.
pulmonary ventilation
Movement of air into and out of the lungs
respiration
the act of breathing
inspiration
active phase, involves movement of muscles and thorax to bring air into the lungs
expiration
the passive phase, the movement of air out of the lungs
factors affecting ventilation
airway resistance (diameter,mucous blockage, bronchdilation, bronchoconstriction )
alveolar compliance (surfactants, surface tension, alveolar elasticity)
lung compliance
the ease with which the lungs can be inflated
noncompliant lung
requires a greater inspiratory effort to inflate
airway resistance
the result of any impediment or obstruction that air meets as it moves through the airway
hypervetilation
a condition characterized by rapid breathing
hypoventilation
respiratory rate remains abnormally low and is insufficient to meet the demands for normal oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal. (most common cause of hypercapnia)
lung volumes
Tidal Volume
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Residual Volume
tidal volume
Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath
inspiratory reserve volume
Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation
expiratory reserve volume
Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation
residual volume
The amount of air that remains in the lungs after a person exhales as forcefully as he or she can
lung capacities
Inspiratory Capacity; Functional Reserve Capacity; Vital Capacity; Total Lung Capacity
vital capacity
the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation (usually tested with a spirometer)
inspiratory capacity
is the amount of air you can draw into your lungs after you have completed a quiet respiratory cycle (sum of the tital volume and the respiratory reserve volume)
total lung capacity
The maximal volume of air that the lungs can contain. Total lung capacity is the sum of the vital capacity and the residual volume, and is typically about 6000 mL (6L).
diffusion
change of gases (CO2& O2) from area of higher pressure to lower pressure in alveolar capillary bed
perfusion
The process in which blood carries oxygen and important nutrients to body tissues. depends on many body compensatory responses, but also on the administration of appropriate fluid volumes to maintain vascular volume.
hypoxia
condition in which an inadequate amount of oxygen is available to cells
four factors that influence diffusion
change in surface area available
thickening of alveolar-capillary membrane
partial pressure
solubility and molecular weight of the gas
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
effects of chronic hypoxia
can be detected in all body systems and are maifested as altered thought processess, headaches, chest pain, enlarged heart,clubbing of the fingers and toes, anorexia, constipation, decreased urinary output, decreased libido, weakness of exterimity muscles, and muscle pain
room air
only has 21% of oxygen in it
perfusion, ventilation, and diffusion
3 processes that have to happen to breathe
factors that affect oxygenation
level of health
age-related considerations
medications
lifestyle choices
environment
tachypnea
abnormally rapid breathing
orthopnea
form of dyspnea in which the person can breathe comfortably only when standing or sitting erect
cough
sudden expulsion of air from the lungs that clears the air passages
sputum production
Material coughed up from lungs. Contains mucus, cellular debris, or microorganisms and may contain blood or pus. Amount, color and constituents of sputum are important diagnostic information.
hemoptysis
coughing up blood from the respiratory tract
LOC
level of consciousness
clubbed nails
result of prolonged oxygen deficieny, endocarditis, congenital heart defects
cyanosis
Bluish color of the skin, nail beds, and/or lips due to an insufficient amount of oxygen in the blood
chronic hypoxia
chronic poor oxygenation shown by clubbing of fingers.
stridor
high-pitched sound heard on inspiration; upper-airway sound indicating partial obstruction of the trachea or larynx
eupnea
normal relaxed breathing
apnea
absence of breathing
cheyne-stokes
a rhythmic respiratory pattern where there is a variation in depth of respirations alternating with periods of apnea
kussmaul's
is a deep and labored breathing pattern often associated with severe metabolic acidosis, particularly diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) but also renal failure. It is a form of hyperventilation, breathing which is increased above the normal rate.
In metabolic acidosis, breathing is first rapid and shallow[1] but as acidosis worsens, breathing gradually becomes deep, slow, labored and gasping.
vesicular
low pitched, breezy sounding, soft, long inspiration and short expiration, auscultated over the peripheral lung fields
bronchovesicular
normal breath sounds heard over major bronchi, characterized by moderate pitch & an equal duration of inspiration & expiration
bronchial
high pitched, loud, harsh or hollow sounding, short during inspiration, long expiration, auscultated on the trachea and thorax
tracheal
a normal breath sound; harsh and high pitched, heard over the trachea
crackles
abnormal lung sounds heard on auscultation; discrete single sounds heard on inspiration, occur in brief bursts; may be fine (high pitched or soft) or coarse (low pitched and loud); "rales"
wheezes
high-pitched sounds, musical, air moving thru narrowed passages in lungs; asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema
rhonchi
lower-pitched sounds like snoring or rattling, secretions in larger airways (pneumonia, bronchitis, aspiration)
friction rubs
discontinuous low pitch, grating, does not dissappear w/ cough. sounds like 2 pieces of leather, severe pain when breathing
pulmonary function test
a group of diagnostic tests that give information regarding air flow in and out of the lungs, lung volumes and gas exchange between the lungs and bloodstream
spirometry
Testing method that utilizes a spirometer to record the volume of air inhaled or exhaled and the length of tiem each breath takes.
PEFR
This is peak expiratory flow rates, used to determine extent of damage to lungs. This is the fastest speed at which air is exhaled. Asthma will have low numbers.
pulse oximetry
a noninvasive technique that measures the arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation of arterial blood
arterial blood gas
measures the acidity (pH) and the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood from an artery
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