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unit 17 test (WWI)

Terms in this set (44)

Triple Alliance
consisted of Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary
Schlieffen Plan
created by Count Alfred von Schlieffen, it was the German plan to avoid a two-front war by concentrating their troops in the west, quickly defeating the French and then, if necessary, rushing those troops by rail to the east to face the Russians before they had time to mobilize fully.
Central Powers
consisted of Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary
Lusitania
the ship was identified and torpedoed by a German U-boat U-20 on 7 May 1915 and sank in eighteen minutes; it was traveling from New York City to Liverpool; 1,198 were killed (128 Americans); the Germans believed it to be armed and have ammo. (it did have ammo)
Sussex pledge
The Germans promised to the U.S. that it wouldn't fire without warning.
The Somme
main Allied attack of 1916
•Strategy: British attack in August or September and French needed help
•There was a series of 17 mines
oMalins Footage (7.5 million shells)
•First day: 20,000 British killed and 40,000 British wounded
•3 million men involved on both sides
•Casualties:
o500,000 Germans
o400,000 British
o200,000 French
•Allies gained 125 square miles
Revenue of 1916
issued to help pay for expansion, it raised the lowest income tax rate from 1 % to 2 % and raised the top rate to 15 % on taxpayers with incomes above $2 million.
George Creel
was the head of the United States Committee on Public Information, a propaganda organization.
"doughboys"
4 million eventually; name given to the American soldiers because of the way their uniforms looked.
•2 million ended up in Europe
•1.4 million saw some combat
•Women and African American soldiers
oHarlem Hell-fighters are most well-known African American group
War Industries Board
was a United States government agency established on July 28, 1917 to coordinate the purchase of war supplies
Sedition Act of 1918
It forbade the use of "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the United States government, its flag, or its armed forces or that caused others to view the American government or its institutions with contempt; prohibited war bonds.
Migration
population of America is 100 million
•1/3 are 1st and 2nd generation migrants
•33 million born in another country
•4 million Irish-Americans
•8 million German-Americans
Second Battle of the Marne
(15 July-6 August 1918) was the last major German Spring Offensive on the Western Front during the First World War. The German attack failed when an Allied counterattack led by French and American forces overwhelmed the Germans, inflicting severe casualties.
Meuse-Argonne Offensive
it had the largest number of U.S. dead in a single battle; was a part of the final Allied offensive of World War I that stretched along the entire western front.
Armistice Day
declared on November 11, 1918 at 11 am.
commemorates the armistice signed between the Allies of World War I and Germany at Compiègne, France, for the cessation of hostilities on the Western Front
League of Nations
primary goals included preventing war through collective security, disarmament, and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration.
Henry Cabot Lodge
he tried to secure approval of the Treaty of Versailles and clear the way for American entry into the League of Nations; he also argued for a powerful American role in world affairs
Triple Entente
consisted of Great Britain, France and Russia
Arabic
was destroyed by the German U-Boats
Allies
consisted of Great Britain, France and Russia
National Defense Act of 1916
provided for an expanded army during peace and wartime, fourfold expansion of the National Guard, the creation of an Officers' and an Enlisted Reserve Corps, plus the creation of a Reserve Officers' Training Corps in colleges and universities. The President was also given authority, in case of war or national emergency, to mobilize the National Guard for the duration of the emergency.
Charles Evans Hughes
He was the Republican candidate in the 1916 U.S. Presidential election, losing to Woodrow Wilson.
Committee on Public Information
created to influence U.S. public opinion regarding American participation in World War I.
War Shipping Board
managed all American affairs.
Food and Fuel Administrations
Lever Food and Fuel Control Act of 1917; "Food Will Win the War"; Hoover in charge; Fuel Administration was run by James Garfield's son; wanted to control price and distribute coal.
Schenck v. U.S.
concluded that a defendant did not have a First Amendment right to freedom of speech against the draft during World War I. Ultimately, the case established the "clear and present danger" test.
Conscription
the required enrollment of people to some sort of public service, most often military service.
St. Mihiel
was captured by the Germans in the first year of World War I, and was re-captured during the Battle of Saint-Mihiel from 12 September to 19 September 1918, during World War I.
Nineteenth Amendment
both genders have the right to vote.
The "Big Four"
The Big Four are also known as the Council of Four. It was composed of Woodrow Wilson of the United States, David Lloyd George of Britain, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, and Georges Clemenceau of France.
Causes of WWI
•Mutual defense alliances
•Imperialism
•Militarism
•Nationalism
•Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Verdun
•Major German offensive against France - 10 months
•February 21st - December 16th
•German C of S Erich von Falkenhavn's strategy:
oGermany is most threatened by Britain
oGet France in a major pitch battle
oHuge siege
•Total combined casualties: 300,000 killed and over 700,000 casualties
Naval Construction Act of 1916
sought to give the U.S. a navy that would rival the largest navies in the world.
Zimmermann note
was a 1917 diplomatic proposal from the German Empire to Mexico to make war against the United States
Selective Service Act
passed on May 18, 1917, it authorized the federal government to raise a national army numbering in the hundreds of thousands with which to fight a modern war.
Railroad Administration
It was possibly the largest American experiment with nationalization, and was undertaken against a background of war emergency
Espionage Act of 1917
It prohibited any attempt to interfere with military operations, to support U.S. enemies during wartime, to promote insubordination in the military, or to interfere with military recruitment.
War economy
three basic ways to raise the money: raising taxes, borrowing from the public, and printing money.
Chateau-Therry
It was a battle in World War I as part of the Second Battle of the Marne, initially prompted by a German offensive launched on 15 July against the newest troops on the front, the AEF (American Expeditionary Force).
General John Pershing
Pershing led the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I, and was regarded as a mentor by the generation of American generals who led the United States Army in Europe during World War II.
Alvin York
He received the Medal of Honor for leading an attack on a German machine gun nest, taking 32 machine guns, killing 28 German soldiers and capturing 132 others. This action occurred during the U.S.-led portion of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive in France.
Fourteen Points
delivered on January 8, 1918, it called for fourteen ideas; it hastened German surrender.
•Secret treaties should be abolished
•Freedom of seas
•League of Nations
Paris Peace Conference
Britain, US, France and Italy meet on January 18, 1919
•Lloyd George (Britain) - wants to punish Germany
•Wilson (US) - wants the League of Nations
•Clemenceau (France) - wants revenge on Germany and wants to weaken it
•Orlando (Italy) - wants land
Treaty of Versailles
•Stripped Germany of its colonies
•Forced Germany to surrender raw materials
•Article 231 - "War Guilt Clause" - responsible for starting the war
oReparations - later determined to be $33 billion (US)
•Germany military couldn't have more than 100,000 men, no navy, and no air force
•Demilitarization of the Rhineland - not able to have tanks/soldiers
•"Stab in the back" myth
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