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Unit 5 Vocabulary (1750-1900)

Terms in this set (37)

Enlightenment
-A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.
Enlightenment Thinkers
-John Locke - Natural Rights (life, liberty, porperty), Believed people born in this world with blank slate (tabula rasa) - society influences them to be good or bad, advocated for consent of the governed and for constitutions
-Jean-Jacques Rousseau - Social Contract, leader is bound by the general will
-Voltaire - Religious freedom, thought religion gave rulers justification to deny basic rights
-Montesquieu - separation of powers, to prevent government from oppressing natural rights
Feminism (First wave)
-Chief concern - Reform legal and social inequities for women (including right to vote)
-Olympe de Gouges - hosted salons, encouraged Enlightened ideas
-Mary Wollstonecraft - univerasl education, right to vote in UK
-Seneca Falls Convention - US, fought for women's suffrage, Declaration of Sentiments
Conservativism
-A set of beliefs that includes a limited role for the national government in helping individuals, support for traditional values and lifestyles, and a cautious response to change.
Abolitionism
-Movement to end slavery
-Movement to end serfdom
-GB slave trade ends in 1807, USA slave trade ends in 1808
Zionism
-A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine.
-Theodor Herzi - leader of movement
Utilitarianism
-The idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people
-John Stuart Mills - British reformer, wanted to reform labor, working hours and conditions, **Classical Liberalism - focused on natural rights for regular people, constitutional monarchies
Capitalism
-An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
-Adam Smith, wrote Wealth of Nations, Father of Capitalism
-Laissex Faire government - reduce government intervention in economy, let the market regulate itself (supply and demand)
-"Invisible Hand" - businesses and people choose based on self interest, that's what guides the market
-Wealth created through cheap labor, competition ensures good products
Socialism
-A political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
Utopian Socialists
-Henri de Saint-Simon - Scientists work with businesses to create jobs
-Charles Fourier - make work more enjoyable
-Robert Owen - intentional communities, communal ownership of property
-Fabian Society - Wanted the govnerment in charge of reform
Communism
-A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
-Communist Mnaifesto - critique on capitalism, campared to feudalism - only the few can be wealthy
-Proletariat (working class) and Bourgeoisie (middle class)
Anarchism
-A political theory favoring the abolition of governments
-Examples: Mikhail Bakunin (all states tyrannical, witnessed Russian treatment of Polish), Assassination of US President McKinley, The Black Hand (anti-imperialist anarchists
Seven Years War (French and Indian War)
-War fought in the colonies from 1754 to 1763 between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio River Valley area
-The English won the war and the Peace of Paris was negotiated in 1763
-Ended France's presence in North America
-Started conflict between British and American colonists, King passed the Proclamation Line of 1763, which led to issues
American Revolution
-This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.
-Major People: Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, John Adams
-Colonists won, wrote Constitution
French Revolution
-The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy and the system of aristocratic privileges
-Wrote Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
-Reign of terror - period of depostism, chaos, torture, mass execution, and tyranny, led by Robespierre
-Ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799, Enlihgtened Despot, uphled reforms
-Congress of Vienna - established long term peace for Europe, tried to end the nationalist movement, put monarch back on throne
Haitian Revolution
-Toussaint l'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island.
-This revolution set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world's second democratic republic (after the US). The US was reluctant to give full support to this republic led by former slaves.
-1804 White Massacres - Haitian forces murdered all remaining white French
Latin American Revolutions
-Series of risings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America (1810-1826) that established the independence of new states from Spanish rule but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite efforts at more radical social rebellion by the lower classes.
-Important leaders: Simon Boliver, Jose de San Martin, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
-Jamaica Letter - about Enlightenment ideals, ued to organize revolutions
German Unification
-In the 19th-century, various independent German-speaking states, led by the chancellor of Prussia Otto von Bismarck, unified to create a Germanic state. The state expanded with von Bismarck's military exploits against Austria, France and Denmark. Unification was complete by 1871 with the Prussian king, Wilhelm, named the first leader of Germany.
Italian Unification
-During 1848, Italy was separated into many states. Count Cavour worked to unify the North then helped Giuseppe Garibaldi unify the South staring with Sicily. Garibaldi eventually stepped aside and handed over all of Southern Italy to Victor Emmanuel II (King of Sardinia) rule all of the now unified Italy
Muhammad Ali (Egypt)
-Commander in the Ottoman army in early 1800s and whose loyal followers executed the Mamluk leaders.
-In the power vacuum created, he orchestrated the establishment of the modern state of Egypt through adoption of a western model of government [bureaucracy, streamline economics, and develop a modern military]
-Reformed cotton textile industry
Tanzimat Reforms
-Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style universities, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876, abolished dhimmis status, religious equality
Self-Strengthening Movement
-A late nineteenth century movement in which the Qing Dynasty modernized their army and encouraged Western investment in factories and railways
-Hundred days of Reform (led by Emperor Guangxu) - series of Wesern-style reforms launched in 1898 by the Chinese government in an attempt to meet the foreign challenge
Empress Dowager Cixi
-Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxu. She put her son under house arrest, supported anti-foreign movements like the so-called Boxers, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces.
Meji Restoration
-The restoration of the Emperor Meiji to power in Japan, overthrowing the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868.
-Charter Oath abolished feudalism
-Give into western reforms, while protecting their culture
-Iwakura mission - visited Europe and US to try to adopt civil reforms
-Dissolved the samurai, many becoming genros (advisors to the emperor)
-Modernized through industrialization
Agricultural Imrpovements
-This is what allowed the Industrial Revolution to take place
-Crop rotation, seed drill, end of enclosure movement (people lost farms, moved to cities to look for work - starts mass migration), end of cottage industry (putting-out system)
First Industrial Revolution Inventions
-Spinning Jenny - James Hargreave, reduces time to spin yarn and weave cloth
-Water frame - Richard Arkwright, waterpower to spin wheel
-Interchangeable Parts, Eli Whitney, easy to replace, factories produce
-Division of labor, Specialization of labor, eventually assembly line used by Henry Ford to produce automobiles
-Steam Engine - James Watts, inexpensive way to harness power of coal
-Water Transportation - not dependent on winds, used coal, set up coaling stations in colonies to get further
Britain's Advantages in Industrialization
1) Location, seaways
2) Resources - coal (Fossil fuels ESSENTIAL in Industry), iron (**Lots of colonies to provide resources)
3) Excess Capital
4) Rivers, natural network
5) Navy, world's strongest fleet - for defense and commercial trade
6) Legal protection of private property
**Major urban areas - Manchester and Liverpool
Spread of Industrialization
1) Continental Europe - Belgium, France, Germany - sparser populations, political fragmentation, consumed in revolution - slows them down
2) United States - lots of human capital makes in easier, lots of immigrants, Transcontinental Railroad
3) Russia - Trans Siberian Railroad, coal, iron, steel, but remains mostly agricultural until 1917
4) Japan - process of defensive modernization, adapted technology to protect from Europe and US, to keep culture
India and Egypt during Industrialization
-Company rule - by British joint stock companies made for steep tariffs, some mismanagement of resources, ineffective leadership
-Were the leaders in textile production, but British companies didn't want competition form their colonies so slowed them down
Second Industrial Revolution Inventions
-Telepone - Alexander Graham Bell, communication
-Electrical Generator - first used in London, light bulb developed by Thomas Edison, changes ability to work more hours
-Radio - Gugliemo Marconi, communication, advertising, mass media
-Oil - petroleum, another fossial fuel used for energy - eventually huge for transportation
-Bessemer Process - produciton of steel, building cities
Business Organizations
-Corporations - giant companies, minimize risk of owners (stockholders) who buy stock in company
-Monopolies - one company/person controls a business/resource, eliminating competitions
-Monopoly exmples: Krupp, Rockefeller, Carnegie
-Transnational Companies - operate across national boundaries - Hong Kong and Shanghao Banking Corp., Unilever, De Beers Diamonds (Cecil Rhodes)
Culture of Consumerism/Leisure
-Consumption needed to keep up with production, specifically for middle class
-Living standards rose for many
-Disposabel income to spend on non-essential goods
-Leisure activities: biking, boating, baseball, football, tennis, golf, rugby, music halls, public parks
Labor Unions
-An organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions
-Governments treated them as the enemy of trade
-Successes: Expanded men who could vote, reduced property ownership requirements, child labor laws, compulsory education
Tenement Housing
-A multifamily urban dwelling, usually overcrowded and unsanitary, making it dangerous - fires, diseases (cholera, typhoid)
-Also called slums
Social Classes
-Working Class - bottom rung of society, labored in factories and coal mines, need few skills, kept wages low
-White-collar workers - those held by office workers, mostly literate and from middle class
-Industrialists, factory owners (Captains of Industry and Robber Barons) - top of hierarchy, replaced aristocracy
Industrialization - Women and Children
-Children as young as 5 sent to work in factories or mines, dangerous jobs - repairing machinery, dust damages lungs, oppressive work (until unions change things for them)
-Women - working class women worked in mines and factories (primary laborers in textile mills); housewife status symbol, means husband rich enough don't have to work
-Cult of Domesticity - idealizes the housewife; buy household products, make home better for husband, morally educate children, behave politely in society (pious, submissive, pure, domestic)
-Spurred on feminism fighting against it - Seneca Falls
Long Term Effects of Industrialization
-ECONOMIC - Mass prodution makes goods cheaper, abumdant, and easily accessible; working relationships between workers and owners
SOCIAL - New social classes, forever changes family life
-IMPERIALISM - the need for resources encourages exploitation of non-industrialized countries, begins second wave of colonization
-ENVIRONMENTAL - Polluted air and water, air pollution from factories causing respiratory problems, water pollution causing disease and death
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