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Research Methods Chapter 10

Terms in this set (17)

When interrogating the construct validity of the dependent variable in an experiment, which of the following questions should be asked?

"How well was this variable manipulated?"
"How well was this variable explained to participants?"
"How well was this variable measured?"
"How well was this variable controlled by the experiment?"
"How well was this variable measured?"
The ability for a study to reveal a statistically significant difference between the levels of an independent variable when one truly exists is known as:

covariance
power
effect size
statistical validity
power
All of the following are advantages of within-groups designs EXCEPT:

-participants in the treatment/control groups will be equivalent
-It is less time-consuming for the participants
-It gives researchers more power to find differences between conditions
-They require fewer participants
It is less time-consuming for the participants
What is the primary difference between pretest/posttest designs and within-groups designs?

-The number of participants used
-The number of times the dependent variable is measured
-The number of levels of the independent variable participants are exposed to
-There is no difference between the two designs
The number of levels of the independent variable participants are exposed to
Prior to conducting the current study, Dr. Lonsbary asked her research assistant to use the same mood manipulation with a sample of 30 college students to determine if people's moods really did change after listening to the music. Running this preliminary study helps establish _______________ validity.

external
statistical
internal
construct
statistical
A threat to internal validity occurs only if a potential design confound varies _____________ with the independent variable.

haphazardly
systematically
spontaneously
especially
systematically
Practice effects and carryover effects are examples of __________ effects.

order
scientific
between-person
casual
order
Experiments use random assignment to avoid which of the following?

-random selection
selection effects
-carryover effects
-demand characteristics
selection effects
Dr. Kline, an environmental psychologist, conducts a study to examine whether visiting zoos causes people to have more positive attitudes toward environmental conservation. He asks a group of 45 people attending the zoo on a Saturday morning about their attitudes. He finds that 69% of the people report having a positive attitude after their visit. Which of the following is true?

-His control group is people who did not visit the zoo
-He does not have a dependent variable
-He can make a strong causal claim about the effect of zoo visits on environmental attitudes
-His study does not qualify as an experiment
His study does not qualify as an experiment
In true experiments, __________ is to dependent variable as _________ is to independent variable.

-Measuring; manipulating
-Controlling; manipulating
-Recording; measuring
-Manipulating; measuring
Measuring; manipulating
What is the difference between concurrent-measures designs and repeated-measures designs?

-Concurrent-measures designs is an independent-groups design; repeated-measures design is a within-groups design

-Concurrent-measures designs expose participants to the levels of the independent variable at roughly the same time; repeated-measures designs expose participants to the levels of the independent variable sequentially.

-Concurrent-measures designs can have any number of levels of an independent variable; repeated-measures deigns can only have two levels of the independent variable.

-There is no difference; they are two terms for the same design.
Concurrent-measures designs expose participants to the levels of the independent variable at roughly the same time; repeated-measures designs expose participants to the levels of the independent variable sequentially.
Which of the following is NOT a reason that a researcher might choose a pretest/posttest design?

-To ensure that random assignment made the treatment/comparison groups equal
-To determine how groups change over the course of the experiment
-To allow for the study of spontaneous behaviors
-To make a strong causal claim
To allow for the study of spontaneous behaviors
Which of the following phrases describes a manipulated variable?

-"Participants wrote down how many text messages they had sent the day before."
-"Researchers recorded whether participants volunteered to help in the student in need or did not volunteer."
-"Participants were placed in the high tempo music condition, the low tempo music condition, or the no music condition based on which color card they randomly drew from a deck."
-"Researchers recorded the length of time participants took to complete the anagrams."
"Participants were placed in the high tempo music condition, the low tempo music condition, or the no music condition based on which color card they randomly drew from a deck."
Researchers conducting an experiment can ensure temporal precedence by doing which of the following?

-Having a control group
-Manipulating the cause before measuring the effect
-Running a manipulation check
-Establishing covariance
Manipulating the cause before measuring the effect
Consider a measure's face validity is:

-a good way to interrogate the construct validity of the dependent variable.
-not necessary in experiments.
-only done if an experiment uses observational measures.
-the first step in establishing causation.
a good way to interrogate the construct validity of the dependent variable.
Which of the following is an advantage of within-groups designs?

-These designs avoid order effects.
-These designs avoid demand characteristics.
-These designs are always possible.
-These designs rely on fewer participants.
These designs rely on fewer participants.
An independent-groups design is also known as a ___________ design.

between-subjects
matched-groups
within-groups
mixed
between-subjects
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