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Imagine you discover a yeast mutant that exhibits a general inability to grow and thrive compared to wild-type yeast. You predict that the mutant has a defect in a basic process necessary for survival and therefore examine the cellular levels of 200 common proteins, as well as the levels of tRNAs and rRNAs. You discover that tRNA and rRNA levels are normal, but the levels of all of the proteins you examine are much lower than they are in the wild-type yeast. This suggests that there is a general defect in:
Imagine you do a version of the Beadle-Tatum experiment in which you attempt to test the one-gene, one-enzyme hypothesis, but using the pathway of synthesis of amino acid Q from X (below). The reactions, in order, are catalyzed by enzymes E1-E5. X is always present in cells, and cells need Q to grow.
You identify a mutant strain that doesn't grow in normal medium, but does grow in medium supplemented with Q, indicating that it has a defect in one or more enzymes in this pathway. This strain is also able to grow if you supplement the medium with Y. Does this mutant support the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis?
You identify a mutant strain that doesn't grow in normal medium, but does grow in medium supplemented with Q, indicating that it has a defect in one or more enzymes in this pathway. This strain is also able to grow if you supplement the medium with Y. Does this mutant support the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis?
Imagine you do a version of the Beadle-Tatum experiment in which you attempt to test the one-gene, one-enzyme hypothesis, but using the pathway of synthesis of amino acid Q from X (below). The reactions, in order, are catalyzed by enzymes E1-E5. X is always present in cells, and cells need Q to grow.
You identify a mutant strain that doesn't grow in normal medium, but does grow in medium supplemented with Q, indicating that it has a defect in one or more enzymes in this pathway. This strain is also able to grow if you supplement the medium with P. Which enzymes can you say with certainty are still functional (i.e. not disrupted by the mutation)?
You identify a mutant strain that doesn't grow in normal medium, but does grow in medium supplemented with Q, indicating that it has a defect in one or more enzymes in this pathway. This strain is also able to grow if you supplement the medium with P. Which enzymes can you say with certainty are still functional (i.e. not disrupted by the mutation)?
Imagine you do a version of the Beadle-Tatum experiment in which you attempt to test the one-gene, one-enzyme hypothesis, but using the pathway of synthesis of amino acid Q from X (below). The reactions, in order, are catalyzed by enzymes E1-E5. X is always present in cells, and cells need Q to grow.
You identify a mutant strain that doesn't grow in normal medium, but does grow in medium supplemented with Q, indicating that it has a defect in one or more enzymes in this pathway. This strain is also able to grow if you supplement the medium with D. Which enzymes can you say with certainty are still functional (i.e. not disrupted by the mutation)?E5A species that has a variant of cohesin that makes it extremely unstable and susceptible to degradation by proteases would be expected to:Increase the likelihood of aneuploidyWhich microtubules DO NOT undergo (+)-end depolymerization at anaphase?Polar microtubulesWhich of the following is observed at anaphase (just after metaphase)?
A. microtubule (+) end polymerization.
B. microtubule (+) end depolymerization.
C. both A and B.
D. neither A nor BC. Both A and BWhich of the following is observed during M before metaphase?
A. microtubule (+) end polymerization
B. microtubule (+) end depolymerization
C. both A and B
D. neither A nor BA. microtubule (+) end polymerizationWhich microtubules undergo (+)-end polymerization during prophase and metaphase?Astral
Polar
Kinetochore
All of the aboveThe activity of ____ motor proteins interaction with ______ microtubles is primarily responsible for segregation of daughter chromosomes during anaphase.Dynein; kinetochoreThe chemotherapy drug Bortezomib is used to treat relapsed multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. Bortezomib is a competitive inhibitor of the 26S Proteasome, a large, multisubunit protease that degrades proteins needed for apoptosis. If Bortezomib is doing its job effectively, which of the following would you expect to be present at higher levels in treated cells?EndonucleaseA cancer chemotherapy drug that acts as a competitive inhibitor of DNA Polymerase would prevent cells from progressing through which phase of the cell cycle?SThe region of the chromosomes where sister chromatids are held together is theCentromereWhat is an advantage of a degenerate genetic code?Mutations are less likely to alter protein sequence, decreasing the chances that a mutation will have deleterious consequences to the organism.There are ____ different nucleotide bases in DNA and RNA and ___ different amino acids.4;20Which of the following types of mutations is LEAST likely to affect the function of the encoded protein?A point mutation in the 3rd base of a codonHow many codons in our genetic code encode amino acids?61Heat-killed S-cell extract that has been treated with Protease ______ (does or does NOT) transform R-cells into S-cells. The conclusion that can be drawn from this is that____.Does; Protein is NOT the transforming principleBased on what we have learned about Frederick Griffith's experiments, what will be the result of the experiment shown below?The mice will NOT get pneumonia because DNA is required for transformation.Conversion of G to T in DNA is an example of a:TransversionHeat-killed S-cell extract that has been treated with DNase ______ (does or does NOT) transform R-cells into S-cells. The conclusion that can be drawn from this is that____.Does NOT; DNA is the transforming principleNitrosamines, which are produced when nitrites in meat products are exposed to high heat, cause:Deamination of cytosineConversion of C to A in DNA is an example of a:TransversionWhich of the following would be LEAST likely to result in a mutation being inherited by either daughter cell after one round of cell division?A mutation Primase that increased its error rate by 20%Which of the following is translated in the rough ER?Pancreatic digestive enzymes
or
Growth factorsImagine that you repeat the Benzer tRNA Selection experiment with modifications as follows:
1. Synthesize mRNA containing A's and G's only (poly-AG in random order).
2. Convert the amino acid Glutamic acid (Glu) on its tRNA to the amino acid Glutamine (Gln) as shown below.
3. Mix your poly-AG RNA, your artificial tRNA, and cell extract (contains ribosomes, amino acids, all normal tRNAs, and the energy source for translation).
Glutamic acid (Glu) is encoded by GAA and GAG, while Glutamine (Gln) is encoded only by CAA and CAG. Given this, and based on what you know about tRNA selection, will Glutamine (Gln) be found in the resulting polypeptides? (Assume translation will happen even without a start codon.)Yes, because the amino acid is selected based on the tRNA anticodon sequence.Imagine that you repeat Seymor Benzer's tRNA Selection experiment with modifications as follows:
1. Synthesize mRNA containing U's and C's only (poly-UC in random order).
2. Convert the amino acid Phenylalanine (Phe) on its tRNA to the amino acid Tyrosine (Tyr) as shown below.
3. Mix your poly-UC RNA, your artificial tRNA, and cell extract (contains ribosomes, amino acids, all normal tRNAs, and the energy source for translation).
Phe is encoded by either UUU or UUC, while Tyrosine (Tyr) is encoded only by UAC and UAU. Given this, and knowing what you know about tRNA selection, which of the following tripeptides would NOT be observed in this experiment? (Assume translation will happen even without a start codon; you will have to refer to a Genetic Code table to answer this.)Tyr-Ala-Arg
Ala and Arg codons contain G, which isn't in this mRNA; with respect to the other choices, Tyr can be inserted anywhere there is a UUC; Phe will be inserted anywhere there is a UUU, and it will be inserted occasionally where there is a UUC because all of the normal tRNAs are also presentWhich of the following is REQUIRED FOR co-translational import?signal peptide
A signal recognition particle (SRP)
SRP receptor
All of the aboveShown below are partial tRNA sequences with anticodons underlined. Which of these is tRNA #1, bringing the first amino acid to the ribosome during translation initiation?5' - A U A U C A U U U C G - 3'Assuming that the N-terminal ends of polypeptides were never removed, what would be the first (N-terminal) amino acid in every polypeptide?MethionineShort-term activation of p53 leads to transcription, and therefore translation of the CdK inhibitor___________p21Fill in the blank: Growth factor signaling results in activation of a Cdk, which phosphorylates Rb, resulting in transcription of genes responsible for _______S-phaseThe oncogene ___________ from Human Papilloma Virus is produced during infection and can lead to cancer through inhibition of Rb.E7Which of the following types of mutations would be most likely to cause cells to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)?One that causes p53 to be constitutively phosphorylatedMaturation promoting factor (MPF) is:Cyclin B + Cdk1Which of the following is a tumor suppressor gene?RbWhich of the following is NOT a direct cellular consequence of Maturation promoting factor (MPF) activity?DNA ReplicationWhat is produced in frog primary oocytes in response to progesterone that results in MPF activity?Cyclin BWhich of the following is a proto-oncogene?All of the aboveA mutation in Rb that prevents it from becoming phosphorylated would ______ the likelihood of cell cycle progression at the ______ checkpoint.Decrease; G1/SWhich of the following is a direct cellular consequence of Maturation promoting factor (MPF) activity?Formation of the mitotic spindle
Chromosome condensation
Nuclear envelope degradationWhen growth factors are present, Rb is __________, which results in transcription of __________ genes.Phosphorylated; S-phaseIf DNA is damaged, ___________ is activated by phosphorylation, resulting in production of an inhibitor of ___________ , which leads to cell cycle arrest.p53; Cyclin-CdkWhy is apoptosis considered to be beneficial (good) to the organism?Because it doesn't induce an inflammatory responseThe image below shows a gel electrophoresis of DNA from a population of cells. Inhibition of what type of enzyme would prevent cells this result?EndonucleaseE7 from Human Papilloma Virus can lead to cancer through inhibition of ___________RbThe kinetochore is the protein complex responsible for regulating the spindle assembly checkpoint. The kinetochore is located at the ___________ of each chromatid.CentromereThe wobble position is the _____ base of a codon, and the _____ base of the anticodon (remember that nucleotides are ordered from 5' to 3').3rd; 1stWhat is the biggest disadvantage of having a degenerate genetic code?It increases the total number of tRNAs that have to be madeWhich of the following types of mutations has the HIGHEST probability of changing a SINGLE amino acid in the encoded protein, not changing any of the remaining amino acids?A point mutation in the 2nd base of a codonWhich of the following types of mutations is MOST likely to alter the encoded protein?A single nucleotide deletionImagine that you synthesized mRNAs containing a random mix of A, U, and G, which of the following tRNA anti-codons is NOT needed to translate them?AUGImagine that you repeat Seymor Benzer's tRNA Selection experiment with modifications as follows:
1. Synthesize mRNA containing A's and G's only (poly-AG in random order).
2. Convert the amino acid Glutamic acid (Glu) on its tRNA to the amino acid Glutamine (Gln) as shown below.
3. Mix your poly-AG RNA, your artificial tRNA, and cell extract (contains ribosomes, amino acids, all normal tRNAs, and the energy source for translation).
Glutamic acid (Glu) is encoded by GAA and GAG, while Glutamine (Gln) is encoded only by CAA and CAG. Which of the following tripeptides will NOT be made in this experiment? (you will have to refer to a Genetic Code table for this, either in your notes or in your textbook)Met-Gln-GluThe spindle assembly checkpoint ensures that:Microtubules from both centrosomes are attached to the kinetochoresSeveral vinca alkaloids from the Madagascar periwinkle are effective anti-cancer compounds. Vinca alkaloids inhibit microutuble polymerization. They therefore inhibit proliferation by preventing:Spindle assemblyThe microtubule structure within the centrosome that is responsible for serving as the seed (i.e. to initiate polymerization) for new microtubules is the ______.CentrioleRadiation, which induces DNA damage, inhibits cancer progression by:p53A cancer chemotherapy drug that inhibits the ras pathway would prevent cells from progressing through which of the following cell cycle checkpoints?G1/S
or
SMaturation promoting factor (MPF) is a/an:ActivityIn what phase of the cell cycle are frog primary oocytes arrested, requiring progesterone to advance through the next phase of the cell cycle?G2Maturation promoting factor (MPF) and second messengers in signal transduction both:Appear in the cell in response to a signalWhich of the following is described by "tumor suppressor gene whose primary function is to inhibit expression of S-phase genes; this protein is inactivated when it is phosphorylated by Cdk."RbIf DNA damage is so severe that it cannot be repaired by the normal cellular machinery, and, as a result, the cell cycle is arrested for an extended period of time, ________ activates transcription of genes responsible for __________.p53; apoptosisDNA Proofreading requires ___ enzymatic activity.ExonucleaseAn inactivating mutation in a protein involved in nucleotide excision repair may cause cells to:Be arrested in G1.
Be arrested in G2.
Pass mutations on to their daughter cells if they were proliferating
Undergo apoptosis
Any of the aboveAlfred Hershey and Martha Chase used which of the following approaches in order to test whether protein or DNA was responsible for heredity?They labeled viruses with 35S and 32P to determine which one was transferred to bacteria during viral infection.Conversion of C to T in DNA is an example of a:TransitionIf DNA replicated conservatively, which of these most closely approximates what you would see after two generations if you were to perform the Meselson-Stahl experiment?Two bandsIf DNA replicated dispersively, which of these most closely approximates what you would see after two generations if you were to perform the Meselson-Stahl experiment?One bandIf you treated cultured chicken fibroblast cells with a peptide that inhibits 5' mRNA capping, what would likely happen?Lower levels of mRNAs in the cytoplasm.
Decreased production of proteins.
Both 2nd and 3rd answers aboveGeorge Beadle and Edward Tatum performed an experiment in which they made single-gene mutations in the bread mold Neurosporacrassa. Which of the following states their primary finding?Multiple protein-coding genes may be found on a single transcript.
Different mutations impair different genes encoding different enzymes in the pathway for synthesis of Arginine.
Neurospora auxotrophs require Arginine supplementation in order to grow.
Arginine is an essential amino acid for Neurospora.
All of the aboveImagine you are a PhD student trying to make a breakthrough in understanding the causes of osteosarcoma, a cancer of bone. You discover a novel mutation in a G1/S Cdk that correlates with the development of osteosarcoma in some people. Which of the following mutations would indicate that it contributes to the progression of cancer in these patients?One that prevents the Cdk from binding to ATP
One that prevents the Cdk from binding to cyclin
One that results in constitutive activation of the kinase
All of the aboveWhich of the following is a cell cycle checkpoint "gatekeeper" (i.e. prevents cell cycle progression until all internal and external criteria are met) at the G1/S checkpoint?RbImagine that you discover a novel mutation in a G1/S cyclin that is found in some of your patients with esophogeal cancer. Which of the following cyclin mutations would be expected to lead to uncontrolled cell cycle progression?One that increases its stabilityImagine you are a PhD student trying to make a breakthrough in understanding the causes of osteosarcoma, a cancer of bone. You discover a novel mutation in a G1/S Cdk that correlates with the development of osteosarcoma in some people. Which of the following mutations would indicate that it contributes to the progression of cancer in these patients?One that results in constitutive activation of the kinaseGeorge Beadle and Edward Tatum performed an experiment in which they made single-gene mutations in the bread mold Neurospora crassa. Which of the following states their primary finding?Different mutations impair different genes encoding different enzymes in the pathway for synthesis of Arginine.If the image below is an electron micrograph showing the result of an experiment in which DNA and RNA were boiled and hybridized together, which of the strands of DNA is the coding (sense) strand?BIf the image below is an electron micrograph showing the result of an experiment in which DNA and RNA were boiled and hybridized together, is the 3' end of the RNA molecule on the left or on the right?On the leftImagine you do a version of the Beadle-Tatum experiment in which you attempt to test the one-gene, one-enzyme hypothesis, but using the pathway of synthesis of amino acid Q from X (below). The reactions, in order, are catalyzed by enzymes E1-E5. X is always present in cells, and cells need Q to grow.
You identify a mutant strain that doesn't grow in normal medium, but does grow in medium supplemented with Q, indicating that it has a defect in one or more enzymes in this pathway. This strain is also able to grow if you supplement the medium with P. Which enzymes can you say with certainty is/are disrupted by the mutation? NOTE: THIS IS A MULTIPLE ANSWER QUESTION, SO SELECT ALL THAT APPLY!None of themImagine you do a version of the Beadle-Tatum experiment in which you attempt to test the one-gene, one-enzyme hypothesis, but using the pathway of synthesis of amino acid Q from X (below). The reactions, in order, are catalyzed by enzymes E1-E5. X is always present in cells, and cells need Q to grow.
You identify a mutant strain that doesn't grow in normal medium, but does grow in medium supplemented with Q, indicating that it has a defect in one or more enzymes in this pathway. This strain is also able to grow if you supplement the medium with Y. Which enzymes can you say with certainty is/are disrupted by the mutation? NOTE: THIS IS A MULTIPLE ANSWER QUESTION, SO SELECT ALL THAT APPLY!E1Which of the following provides evidence for a "triplet code"?1-nucleotide insertions disrupt protein functionHow many unique 3-nucleotide codons can we make with 4 different nucleotides?64Which of the following is used during animal cell mitosis that is not used for cytokinesis?Dynein and kinesinWhich of the following is used during animal cell cytokinesis that is not used for mitosis?MyosinThe image below shows a gel electrophoresis of DNA from a population of cells. This population of cells must be undergoing:Apoptosisp53 is phosphorylated in response to ___________ (two words) resulting in stoppage of the cell cycle.DNA DamageWhich of the following enzymes catalyzes peptide bond formation?An rRNAImagine that you repeat Seymor Benzer's tRNA Selection experiment with modifications as follows:
1. Synthesize mRNA containing A's and G's only (poly-AG in random order).
2. Convert the amino acid Glutamic acid (Glu) on its tRNA to the amino acid Glutamine (Gln) as shown below.
3. Mix your poly-AG RNA, your artificial tRNA, and cell extract (contains ribosomes, amino acids, all normal tRNAs, and the energy source for translation).
Glutamic acid (Glu) is encoded by GAA and GAG, while Glutamine (Gln) is encoded only by CAA and CAG. Will Glutamic acid be found in the resulting polypeptides? (you might want to refer to a genetic code table for this, either from your notes or the textbook; also, this is a bit tricky, so review the contents of the assay above!)
Selected Answer:
NoYes, for both of the reasons listed aboveImagine that you repeat the Benzer tRNA Selection experiment with modifications as follows:
1. Synthesize mRNA containing U's and C's only (poly-UC in random order).
2. Convert the amino acid Phenylalanine (Phe) on its tRNA to the amino acid Tyrosine (Tyr) as shown below.
3. Mix your poly-UC RNA, your artificial tRNA, and cell extract (contains ribosomes, amino acids, all normal tRNAs, and the energy source for translation).
Phenylalanine (Phe) is encoded by either UUU or UUC, while Tyrosine (Tyr) is encoded only by UAC and UAU. Given this, and given what you know about tRNA selection, will Phenylalanine be found in the resulting polypeptides? (Assume translation will happen even without a start codon; Also this is a bit tricky, so review the contents of the assay before answering.)Yes, for both of the reasons listed aboveAssuming DNA replicates semi-conservatively, which of these most closely approximates what you would see after one generation if you were to perform the Meselson-Stahl experiment?One bandIn the famous Hershey and Chase experiment, 32P was in the pellet after centrifugation. What were they able to conclude from this result?Because the pellet contains the bacterial cells, they concluded that viral DNA was responsible for infection.The point at which all of the duplicated chromosomes are aligned at the equator of the cell is:MetaphaseThe structure in animal cells that serves as the primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC), is duplicated during mitosis, and is responsible for anchoring and organizing the mitotic spindle is the _______. (Make sure you know all of these terms!)CentrosomeAfter DNA replication sister chromatids are held together by a protein complex known as the ________.KinetochoreIn the diagram below, at what point are the cells arrested, requiring progesterone in order to proceed through to the next phase?BIn frog oocytes, maturation promoting factor (MPF) activity arises as a result of:Progesteronen which phase(s) of the cell cycle is the status of the DNA assessed, and if there are any problems, the cell cycle is arrests?Both G1 and G2Maturation promoting factor (MPF) initiates the transition from:G2 to MWhich of the following would be expected to specifically prevent cytokinesis in animal cells?Inhibition of myosinIf, on an exoplanet somewhere, life evolved with 5 different nucleotide bases that are used in their equivalent of DNA, how many amino acids could be encoded by a 3-nucleotide codon?125Imagine you do a version of the Beadle-Tatum experiment in which you attempt to test the one-gene, one-enzyme hypothesis, but using the pathway of synthesis of amino acid Q from X (below). The reactions, in order, are catalyzed by enzymes E1-E5. X is always present in cells, and cells need Q to grow.
You identify a mutant strain that doesn't grow in normal medium, but does grow in medium supplemented with Q, indicating that it has a defect in one or more enzymes in this pathway. This strain is also able to grow if you supplement the medium with D. Which enzymes can you say with certainty is/are disrupted by the mutation? NOTE: THIS IS A MULTIPLE ANSWER QUESTION, SO SELECT ALL THAT APPLY!None of themImagine you discover a yeast mutant that exhibits a general inability to grow and thrive compared to wild-type yeast. You predict that the mutant has a defect in a basic process necessary for survival and therefore examine the cellular levels of 50 common proteins, as well as the levels of tRNAs and rRNAs. You discover that tRNA and rRNA levels are normal, but the levels of all of the proteins you examine are much lower than they are in the wild-type yeast. This suggests that there is a general defect in:PolyadenylationConversion of A to T in DNA is a:TransversionGiven your knowledge of how DNA is replicated, which of the following DNA will be present after 100 generations in the Meselson-Stahl Experiment?Almost all of the DNA will be N14:N14, but a very small amount of N14:N15 will remainWhat would happen to a secreted protein (e.g. insulin) if you produced it from an mRNA missing the sequence encoding the signal peptide?It would get translated in the cytoplasm and remain there.What would you find encoded in the mRNA of the enzyme helicase?A nuclear localization signalWhich of the following is required for post-translational import?None of the above
Post-translational import involves only proteins that are translated in the cytoplasm and end up in various organelles because of organelle-specific targeting signals.The activity of which of the following specifically promotes DNA replication?RasHeat-killed S-cell extract that has been treated with RNase (i.e. ribonuclease) ______ (does or does NOT) transform R-cells into S-cells. The conclusion that can be drawn from this is that____.Does; RNA is NOT the transforming principlePyrimidine dimers that are detected by the cell are most likely to be repaired using:Excision repairImagine you do a version of the Beadle-Tatum experiment in which you attempt to test the one-gene, one-enzyme hypothesis, but using the pathway of synthesis of amino acid Q from X (below). The reactions, in order, are catalyzed by enzymes E1-E5. X is always present in cells, and cells need Q to grow.
You identify a mutant strain that doesn't grow in normal medium, but does grow in medium supplemented with Q, indicating that it has a defect in one or more enzymes in this pathway. This strain is also able to grow if you supplement the medium with D. Does this mutant support the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis?no, because multiple enzymes could be disrupted by the mutationImagine you do a version of the Beadle-Tatum experiment in which you attempt to test the one-gene, one-enzyme hypothesis, but using the pathway of synthesis of amino acid Q from X (below). The reactions, in order, are catalyzed by enzymes E1-E5. X is always present in cells, and cells need Q to grow.
You identify a mutant strain that doesn't grow in normal medium, but does grow in medium supplemented with Q, indicating that it has a defect in one or more enzymes in this pathway. This strain is also able to grow if you supplement the medium with Y. Which enzymes can you say with certainty are still functional (i.e. not disrupted by the mutation)? NOTE: THIS IS A MULTIPLE ANSWER QUESTION, SO SELECT ALL THAT APPLY!E2
E3
E4
E5What would happen to a protein like signal peptidase if you removed its signal peptide but added a nuclear localization signal (NLS)?It would end up in the nucleus.Which microtubules undergo (+)-end depolymerization during prophase and metaphase?None of the aboveIf you inhibit microtubule polymerization in an actively dividing cell at the beginning of M-phase, what would you observe?All of themA microutuble depolymerization inhibitor such as Taxol, is an effective cancer chemotherapy agent because it prevents:Segregation of chromosomes during anaphaseWhich microtubules undergo (+)-end polymerization at anaphase?PolarThe two copies of the chromosome after DNA replication are the sister ______.ChromatidsThe ___________ is the protein complex located at the centromeres of the sister chromatids during mitosis and is responsible for regulating the spindle assembly checkpoint.kinetochoreFill in the blank: Growth factor signaling results in transcription of a ________, which activates the Cdk responsible for phosphorylating Rb, resulting in transcription of genes responsible for DNA Replication.Cyclin
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