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LOGICAL REASONING

Terms in this set (86)

Premise or conclusion indicators: because
Premise
Premise or conclusion indicators: since
Premise
Premise or conclusion indicators: for
Premise
Premise or conclusion indicators: for example
Premise
Premise or conclusion indicators:For the reason that
Premise
Premise or conclusion indicators: in that
Premise
Premise or conclusion indicators: given that
Premise
Premise or conclusion indicators: as indicated by
Premise
Premise or conclusion indicators: due to
Premise
Premise or conclusion indicators: owing to
Premise
Premise or conclusion indicators: this can be seen from
Premise
Premise or conclusion indicators: we know this by
Premise
Premise or conclusion indicators: thus
Conclusion
Premise or conclusion indicators: therefore
Conclusion
Premise or conclusion indicators: hence
Conclusion
Premise or conclusion indicators: consequently
Conclusion
Premise or conclusion indicators: as a result
Conclusion
Premise or conclusion indicators: so
Conclusion
Premise or conclusion indicators: accordingly
Conclusion
Premise or conclusion indicators: clearly
Conclusion
Premise or conclusion indicators: must be that
Conclusion
Premise or conclusion indicators: shows that
Conclusion
Premise or conclusion indicators: conclude that
Conclusion
Premise or conclusion indicators: follows that
Conclusion
Premise or conclusion indicators: for this reason
Conclusion
What is the additional premise role? Name 6 additional premise indicators
Support the conclusion. Sometimes non-essential to argument.
1. Furthermore
2. Moreover
3. Besides
4. In addition
5. Whats more
6. After all
What is the first logical reasoning primary objective
Determine whether the stimulus contains an argument or if it is only a set of factual statements
What is the second logical reasoning primary objective
If the stimulus contains an argument, identify the conclusion of the argument. If the stimulus contains a fact set, examine each fact.
What is the third logical primary reasoning objective
If the stimulus contains an argument, determine whether the argument is strong or weak
What is the fourth logical primary reasoning objective
Read closely and know precisely what the author said. do not generalize!
What is the fifth logical primary reasoning objective
Carefully read and identify the question stem. Do not assume that certain words are automatically associated with certain question types.
What is the sixth logical primary reasoning objective
Preparase: after reading the question stem, take a moment to mentally formulate your answer to the question stem
What is the seventh logical primary reasoning objective
Always read the 5 answer choices
What is the eighth logical primary reasoning objective
Separate the answer choices into contenders and losers. After you complete this process, review the contenders and decide which answer is correct
What is the ninth logical primary reasoning objective
If all 5 answer choices appear to be losers, return to the stimulus and re-evaluate the argument
What is the counter premise role? List the most common
Weaken the argument, author can directly counter that argument to eliminate it. Ideas to compare and contrast.
— but, yet, however, on the other hand, admittedly, in contrast, although, even though, still, whereas, in spite of, despite, after all.
What does assumption mean?
Unstated premise of an argument. They are integral component of the argument that the author takes for granted and leaves unsaid.
What does inference mean?
In logic, something that must be true. If you are asked to identify an inference of the argument, you must find an item that must be true based on info presented in the argument.
LR question types: must be true/ most supported
Identify the answer choice that is best proven by the information in the stimulus
LR question types: main point
Find the primary conclusion made by the author
LR question types: point at issue/ point of agreement
Identify a point of contention between two speakers— appear almost exclusively with two-speaker stimuli

Identify a point of agreement between two speakers
LR question types: assumption
Identify an assumption of the authors argument
LR question types: justify the conclusion
Supply a piece of information that, when added to the premised, proves the conclusion
LR question types: strengthen/ support
Select the answer choice that provides support for the authors argument or strengthens it in some way.
LR question types: resolve the paradox
Contains a discrepancy or seeming contradiction. You must find the answer choice that best resolves the situation.
LR question types: weaken
Ask you to attack or undermine the authors argument
LR question types: method of reasoning
Describe, in abstract terms, the way in which the author made his or her argument.
LR question types: flaw in the reasoning
Describe, in abstract terms, the error of reasoning committed by the author.
LR question types: parallel in reasoning/ parallel flaw
Identify the answer choice that contains reasoning most similar in structure to the reasoning presented in the stimulus.
LR question types: evaluate the argument
Decide which answer choice will allow you to determine the logical validity of the argument
LR question types: cannot be true
Identify the answer choice that cannot be true or is most weakened based on the information in the stimulus
List the 6 question types in the LR PROVE family
1. Must be true/ most strongly supported
2. Main point
3. Point at issue/ point of agreement
4. Method of reasoning
5. Flaw in the reasoning
6. Parallels reasoning/ parallel flaw
List the 4 question types in the LR HELP family
1. Assumption
2. Justify the conclusion
3. Strengthen/ support
4. Resolve the paradox
List the question type in LR HURT family
Weaken
List the question type in the LR DISPROVE family
Cannot be true
Rules of the first question family (prove)
1. Use info in stimulus to prove answer choices
2. Accept the stimulus info even if it contains an error of reasoning, and use it to prove one of the answer choices true
3. Any info in the answer choice that does not appear directly in the stimulus will be incorrect.
Rules of the second question family (help)
1. The info in the stimulus is suspect. There are often reasoning errors present and depending on the question, you will need to help in some way
2. The answer choices are accepted as given, even if they include "new" info. Task is to determine which answer choice best meets the question posed in the stem.
Rules of the third question family (hurt)
1. The info in the stimulus is suspect. There are often reasoning errors present and depending on the question, you will further weaken the argument in some way.
2. The answer choices are accepted as given, even if they include "new" info. Task is to determining which answer choice best attacks the arguments in the stimulus
Rules of the fourth question family (disprove)
1. Accept the stimulus info even if it contains an error of reasoning, and use it to prove one of the answer choices cannot occur
3. If an answer choice contains info that doesn't appear directly In the stimulus, then that answer choice could be true and it is incorrect. The correct answer will directly disagree with the stimulus or a consequence of the stimulus.
The correct answer to a must be true question can always be proven by:
Referring to the facts stated in the stimulus.
If a sufficient condition occurs..
you automatically know that the necessary condition also occurs
If a necessary condition occurs...
Then it is possible but not certain that the sufficient condition will occur
sufficient ——> necessary
Sufficient is always at the beginning of the arrow. Necessary is at the end.
What is a mistaken reversal?
Switched the elements in the sufficient and necessary conditions, creating a statement that does not have to be true
What is mistaken negation?
Negates both sufficient and necessary conditions, creating a statement that does not have to be true
Sufficient or necessary: if
Sufficient
What is the Unless Equation?
Unless, except, until, without

Unless the ness, negate the rest

1. Whatever term is modified by ^^ becomes the necessary
2. Remaining term is negated and becomes sufficient
Sufficient or necessary: when
Sufficient
Sufficient or necessary: whenever
Sufficient
Sufficient or necessary: every
Sufficient
Sufficient or necessary: all
Sufficient
Sufficient or necessary: any
Sufficient
Sufficient or necessary: each
Sufficient
Sufficient or necessary: in order to
Sufficient
Sufficient or necessary: people who
Sufficient
Sufficient or necessary: then
Necessary
Sufficient or necessary: only
Necessary
Sufficient or necessary: only if
Necessary
Sufficient or necessary: must
Necessary
Sufficient or necessary: required
Necessary
Sufficient or necessary: unless
Necessary
Sufficient or necessary: except
Necessary
Sufficient or necessary: until
Necessary
Sufficient or necessary: without
Necessary
What is the definition of either/ or
At least one the two, can be both
How do you weaken a conditional conclusion?
Attack the necessary conditions by showing that the necessary condition does not need to occur in order for the sufficient condition to occur
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