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Micro Final

Terms in this set (131)

strep throat organism
Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptococcus pyogenes characteristics
Gram + cocci
chains
catalase -
salt -
strep throat testing
rapid screening: EIA enzyme Immune Assay
how is strep throat culture
blood agar
b-hymolytic sensitive to bacitracin
strep throat treatment
penicillin amoxicillin
diptheria
corynebacterium diphtheriae
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Gram + rod
palisading arrangment
metachromatic granules
can be normal flora
Diphtheria symptoms
sore throat, fever, swollen neck, gray membrane (Leather) of fibrin, bacteria, WBCs on tonsils may actually block respiration
adults: mostly cutaneous form
diphtheria exotoxin
lower protein synthesis: targets heart, kidneys, nerves
LD50= 50 microorganisms
diphtheria treatment
erethromucin, antitoxin, DTaP (toxoid), adults need boosters
otitis media
middle ear infections
caused by normal flora Streptococcus, haemophilus, moraxella
complications of common cold
incidence higher is small children because Eustachian/ paryngeotympananic tube is small
otis media treatment
amoxicillin (pink) augmentin (white)
new vaccine for S. pneumoniae
whooping cough
bordetells pertussis
bordetells pertussis
gram - rod
Whooping cough stages
1. catarrhal: cold with extra mucus, cough (days)
2. paroxysmal: violent cough, gasping (weeks)
3. convalescence: recovery (months)
whooping cough exotoxins (= virulence factors)
1. tracheal: destroys ciliated
2. pertussis: increased mucus, decreased phagocytosis, decreased glucose
whooping cough treatment
erythromycin DTaP, TDaP for adults
tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
gram + rod
acid fast
resistant to phagocytosis
service weeks on dry surfaces
septs to tuberculosis infection
inhalation lung macrophages ingest, in immunocompromised, intracellular infections, calcifies tubercles form in the ling
symptoms of tuberculosis
bloody cough, weight loss, extreme malaise (=consumption)
other organs affected by tuberculosis
bones, kidney, spine, meninges
testing for tuberculosis
1. skin test (PPD) detects delayed hypersensitivity t helper cell response indicates exposure only
2. x ray test for tubercles= disease occurred
3. sputum stain (acid fast or fluorescent AB) culture test= active disease, infectious
4. PCR and DNA probe tests: expensive but fast
preventing tuberculosis
vaccine (BCG) Bacillus cálmete et guerin
treatment for tuberculosis
INH (isoniazid), rifampin, pyrazinamide (6-12 months)
drug resistance is a major problem: MDR-tB, CTR-TB
bacterial pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
g+ cocci
short chains
pairs
capsule
alpha hemolytic
optichin antibiotic sensitive
bacterial pneumonia symptoms
fever
chest pain
productive bloody cough
rapid onset and progression
who is at high risk of bacterial pneumonia
elderly
immunocompromised
after viral cold or flu
25% untreated mortality
bacterial pneumonia prevention
conjugated vaccine
bacterial pneumonia treatment
fluoroquinolones
walking pneumonia
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
aka: primary, atypical pneumonia
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
bacterium without cell wall, .2 micron length, slow growing, fastidious, microscopic colonies have "fried egg" appearance
walking pneumonia symptoms
mild fever, non productive cough, headache, malaise
who gets walking pneumonia
mostly children and young adults
walking pneumonia diagnosis
beta hemolytic on guinea pig rbc
PCR
serology for acute phase antibodies (IgM)
walking pneumonia treatment
tetracycline
legionnaires disease
Legionella pneumophila
Legionella pneumophila
1976 philadelphia leginnaires convention
G- rod
ubiquitous in wet enviroments
highest risk of getting legionnaires disease
older 50+ male smokers
immunocompromised
legionnaires disease symptoms
pneumonia symptoms with extremely high fever, survivors have permanent lung damage
legionnaires disease treatment
erythromycin
flu
influenza
orthomyxovirus
#1 viral pathogen worldwide
Flu virus components
RNA virus, 8 pieces, enveloped spikes
H= hemagglutinin (attachment and entry)
N= neuraminidase (budding)
how are strains of the flu identified
spikes
spikes change by mutation and recombination
Antigenic drift
minor yearly mutation changes
antigenic shift
major changes by recombining with another species (pig, poultry, fowl ect).
H1N1
swine flu
4 influenza strains
1. n American swine
2. n American bird
3. eurasian swine
4. human influenza
influenza types
A,B,C: protein capsid differences
influenza symptoms
sore throat, runny nose, body aches, nausea, fever 7 days typical duration, 1% die, very young, old, pregnant, secondary pneumonia
influenza diagnosis
immunoassay
viral culture
PCT
Influenza prevention
hand washing, cover your mouth, mulicalent killed injected vaccine attenuated live nasal spray
influenza treatment
amantadine vs viral uncoating relenza
tamiflu vs budding
anti-inflammatory agents, fluids, rest
common cold
caused by dozens of strains of viruses
mainly pico, corona, adeno
how does the common cold work?
bind to respiratory mucosal replication destroys cilia, inflammation caused by dilation increased mucus rarely fever
common cold treatment
anti-inflammatory agents, fluids, rest, no antibiotics
respiratory syncytial virus RSV
paramyxoviridae
causes 5K deaths/ yr in US
how does respiratory syncytial virus work?
causes cell fusion when cultured in vitro
treatment for respiratory syncytial virus
classic: ribovirin (neucleotide analogue)
new: palivizumab (passive immunization)
histoplasmosis
Histoplasma capsulatum
dimorphic soil fungus
what condition does histoplasmosis prefer
prefers wet, acidic soils
what is histoplasmosis associated with
Bird or bat droppings
Coccidioidomycosis
Coccidioides immitis
dimorphic soil fungus
what condition does Coccidioidomycosis prefer
dry alkaline soil
what is Coccidioidomycosis associated with
farm and construction
treatment of Coccidioidomycosis
Amphotericin B
endocarditis
inflammation of inner lining of the heart and valves
patients have heart murmurs short of breath fever and + blood cultures
what are the two types of endocarditis
acute and subacute
acute bacterial endocarditis (ABE)
staphylococcus aureus
rapid progressing with high fever and destruction of heart valves
fatal in days without medication
Staphylococcus aureus
gram + cocci
clusters
beta hemolytic
catalase +
coagulate +
salt tolerant
Subacute bacterial endocarditis SBE
streptococcus viridans
slow progressing disease
streptococcus viridans
Gram + cocci
chains
catalase -
alpha hemolytic
common normal flora in oral cavity
causes tooth decay
what happens when you get subacute bacterial endocarditis
organism enters blood stream via oral surgery, sticks to valves, creates fibrin-platelet grows (vegetation)
symptoms of subacute bacterial endocarditis
low grade fever, malaise, anemia, clots in kidney and blood vessels
death in weeks without treatment
treatment for subacute bacterial endocarditis
penicillin for SBE gentamicin for ABE
rheumatic fever
pre-1950 leading cause of death in children
fewer cases now because of less virulent strains and antibiotic treatment
autoimmune complications of untreated strep throat
streptococcus pyogenes
streptococcus pygoenes
gram + cocci
chains
beta hemolytic
symotoms of rheumatic fever
low grade fever, rash, malaise, heart murmur, arthritis, gradual valve deconstruction, death
treatment for rheumatic fever
penicillin and anti-inflammatories, long therapy
anthrax
Bacillus anthracis
anthrax in animals
in grazing animals who ingest the spores and germinate in the gut
Bacillus anthracis
G+ rod
central spore
soil reservoir
anthrax in humans
- cuts/abrasions in skin (cutaneous) pustule forms at the entry, enters the blood stream 20% mortality
-ubgakation (=woolsorter's disease, Pulmonary)
pneumonia with nearly 100% fatality
anthrax exotoxin
edema, high fluids are lethal to macrophages
treatment for anthrax
vaccine, ciproflaxin before toxins produced
gangrene
Clostridium perfringens
spores germinate in wind where blood flow decreases
Clostridium perfringens
G+ rod
anaerobic terminal spore
soil reservoir
what happens when you have gangrene
organism produces tissue destructive enzyme ( like collafenases, ect) fermentation with gas swells tissue, blocks blood flow, more necrosis
who is at risk for gangrene
elderly, homeless, druggies, diabetics
treatment for gangrene
amputation, penicillin, hyperbaric chamber
plague
Yersinia pestis
Yersinia pestis
Gram - intracellular rod
place reservoir and vectors
small mammals are reservoirs (rat)
fleas is biological vector
Plague virulence factors
interfere with blood clotting (Black Death) and activity of phagocytosis
what happens when you have the plague
lymph node swelling= bubo in armput, groin, neck, bubonic plague: 60% fatality
organism in the lungs= pneumonic plague 100% fatality
treatment for the plague
vector control streptomycin and tetracycline
Lyme disease
Borellia burgdorferi (g- spirochete)
reservoir and vector of lyme disease
reservoir: deer and mice
vector: ticks
symptoms of lyme disease
75% have "bulls eye" rash= erythema chronicum migrans ECM
Flu syndrome (1-2 wks)
irregular heart beat (moths)
neuro symptoms (palsy, mood swings, meningitis)
arthritis (years)
treatment of lyme disease
avoid ticks, tetracycline, anti inflammatory agents
Malaria
most important protozoan disease worldwide: 300,000,000 infected, nearly 1 million die each year
malaria organism
plasmodium apicomplexan
Malaria reservoir and vector
reservoir: primates
vector: mosquito
symptoms of malaria
cyclic spiking fevers, shaking, chills, anemic splenomegaly, dark urine, secondary infections, RBC fragments, proteins damage brain, liver, lung, kidney
Plasmodium falciparum malaria
most deadly, most drug resistant
treatment for malaria
insecticides, nets, chloroquine, mefloquine, Artemisinin
chagas disease
Trypanosoma cruzi (hemoflagellate like T. Brucei)
reservoir and vector of chagas disease
R: rodents, opossums, armadillos
V:reduviid (kissing bug) lives in brush, thatched or mud roofs, bite around mouth/ nose
symptoms of chagas diseas
chronic inflammation reaction in heart, colon, esophagus, organs sell and malfuntion
preventing chagas
insecticides
Treatment of Chagas disease
Nifurtimox
mononucleosis
Epstein-Barr virus (herpes family, enveloped ds DNA, Latency)
most (90%) infections in very young asymptomatic
Monocucleosis in young adults/ symptoms
fever, sore throat, exhaustion, enlarged Lymph nodes and spleen (may rupture is jostled roughly)
diagnosing Monocucleosis
increased % mononuclear cells (activated) B Lymphs produce heterophiles AB=IgM
treatment of Monocucleosis
rest, avoid contact sports
what is associated with EBV in Africa
Burkitt Slymphoma
yellow fever
Arbovirus (enveloped RNA virus)
who studied Yellow fever
Walter Reed identifies mosquito vectors thru experiments of human volunteers
yellow fever symptoms
jaundice, fever headache, uncontrolled bleeding, black vomit, 20% mortality
yellow fever reservoirs
jungle primates
preventing yellow fever
vaccine, insecticides
schistosoma sp.
trematode worm (=flukes)
host of schistosoma sp.
freshwater snails (Intermediate), humans definitive adult worms
symptoms of schistosoma sp.
symptoms depend on the species but organs are infected: intedstines (malnutrition) bladder, lung, brain
schistosoma sp. worms
males have split body
females reside in couple and eggs excreted in feces/ urine
cycle of schistosoma sp.
eggs> ciliated miracidium> infects snails> tailed cercaricle> infected humans
prevention of schistosoma sp.
sanitation
treatment of schistosoma sp.
praziquantel
what does schistosoma sp. cause
Billharzia
swimmers itch
Staphylococcal food poisoning
caused by Staphylococcus aureus
how do you get Staphylococcus food poisoning
1. hands with S. aureus from nose, axillary, groin
2. contaminates rich, salty foods (potato salad, hams ect)
3. foods sit warm or at room temp for 3-4 hours
4. enterotoxin produced in food irritates CNX causing nausea, committing, diarrhea
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