Treatment of Arrhythmias I- CardioRush

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What are the phases in a cardiac AP?
Upstroke, Na entry
What is phase 0 in the cardiac AP?
Early fast repolarization
What is phase 1 in the cardiac AP?
Plateau from K leaving
What is phase 2 in the cardiac AP?
Progressive repolarization to diastolic potential
What is phase 3 in the cardiac AP?
Resting membrane potential
What is phase 4 in the cardiac AP?
Fast response, slow response
What are the 2 types of APs in the heart?
Ventricular and atrial myocytes
What cells of the heart tend to use fast response, Na dependent APs?
Pacemaker cells
What cells of the heart depend more on slow response, Ca dependent APs?
Absolute refractory period, relative refractory period, super normal period
What are the different phases of refractoriness that make the full recovery time after an AP?
QRS complexWhat time during the AP is the absolute refractory period?No stimulus will generate AP, regardless of frequency or strengthWhat occurs during the absolute refractory period?AP can be generated only with a greater than normal stimulusWhat occurs during the relative refractory period?Cell close to repolarized, more sensitive to another stimulusWhat occurs during the super normal period?Super normal periodDuring what period of refractoriness is a premature complex easier to elicit?Time between relative refractory period and supernormal period where a hit to the chest can cause commotio cordisWhat is the vulnerable period of refractoriness referring to?Beginning of T waveWhat part of the ECG does the vulnerable period correlate with?Dispersion of refractoriness, cariomyocytes uneven in repolarization, force initiates stimulus and causes V fibWhat happens in commotio cordis?Altered automaticity, triggered activity, reentryWhat are the 3 main mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis?Altered automaticityWhat mechanism of arrhythmogenesis is an ectopic pacemaker or inappropriate discharge rate of normal pacemaker cells?Myocardial infarction or ischemia causing hypoxia of myocytes, reduced diastolic potential ( higher than -50mV), Na channels nonfunctional, dependent on Ca channels, assumes pacemaker activityWhat are can cause altered automaticity?Slow atrial, junctional, or ventricular escape rhythms, idioventricular rhythms, some atrial tachycardiasWhat are some arrhythmias associated with altered automaticity?Early afterdepolarizations, delayed afterdepolarizationsWhat are 2 things cause triggered activity to produce arrhythmias?AfterdepolarizationsWhat is caused by oscillations in membrane voltage induced by preceding APs that may trigger pacemaker activity?SNS stim, drugs, bradycardiaWhat are afterdepolarizations associated with?V tach, torsade de pointesWhat type of arrhythmias are associated with afterdepolarizations?ReentryWhat is the most common arrhyhmic mechanism?Unidirectional conduction block, multiple conduction pathways, critical slowing of propragation to allow impulse conduction to previously refractory areaWhat are the 3 criteria for a reentrant circuit to occur?Atrial flutter or fib, sinus node reentry, V tach, OAVRTWhat are the associated arrhythmias from reentry?Macroreentrance circuitWhat type of reentry circuit results in atrial flutter?Microreentrance circuitWhat type of reentry circuit results in fibrillations?Orthodromic atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (OAVRT)What is the congenital condition in young Labs and Boxers which is an accessory band of tissue between the atria and ventricles that results in supraventricular tachycardia?