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SOCI100-100 2020 Spring Intersession ~ Kristin Kahanek ~ ULL

Terms in this set (127)

Which of Emile Durkheim's types of social solidarity characterized premodern life?
mechanical
Which of Emile Durkheim's types of social solidarity characterizes modern life?
organic
When token men enter female-dominated occupations, they are likely to rise to leadership positions more quickly than women in these fields. However, this "glass escalator" dynamic
is not as strong for men of color.
Your textbook points out that sex is partly a social concept. This is based on the fact that, although information about chromosomes is used to sort people into male and female categories, and although chromosomes are biological realities, the chromosomal makeup across people in a population
is more of an average than a binary.
According to research that has come out of social network analysis, in what model is infection particularly difficult to control?
Panel D, because there is no key focal point for intervention.
An engaged couple has their first child. This type of group is known as
a triad.
Social psychologist Solomon Asch conducted experiments in which a participant was presented with this image and asked about the length of each line. Other people in the room gave wrong answers, and the participant's response was recorded. What did Asch conclude?
Groups exert powerful influence on an individual.
When public health officials used social network analysis to understand sexually transmitted infections, what conclusion did they draw?
STIs can spread according to any of these models, and interventions must correspond with the pattern of the disease.
According to the text, what do we know about differences in socioeconomic status among siblings?
Birth order only matters in larger families, and middle siblings seem to fare worse than the oldest and the youngest child.
According to Robert Putnam, which of the following is correct about social capital in the United States today?
Social capital is decreasing.
According to the work of George Simmel, at what point does a growing business become a large group?
when formal job titles are created and formal hierarchies between employees emerge
Identify the example of social capital.
An artist who vacations in a Colorado town has a few very close friends among the locals.
The term "six degrees of separation" came out of research undertaken by Stanley Milgram, who wanted to test
the reach of social networks.
Weak ties are a valuable aspect of a social network because
they are more likely to introduce us to new information and ideas.
While a social network is ________, a social tie ________.
the connections between people; explains how two people know each other
(Q001) "Thinking like a sociologist" means that you
apply analytical tools to the things you've always done without much conscious thought in the past.
(Q002) Using the sociological imagination helps sociologists (and students of sociology)
develop the ability to see the connections between our own personal experience and the larger forces of history.
(Q003) What is an example of using one's sociological imagination?
understanding that the divorce of one's parents is part of a larger societal trend toward marriage dissolution
(Q004) Which sociologist of the twentieth century introduced the concept of the sociological imagination?
C. Wright Mills
(Q005) What is defined as a complex group of interdependent positions that, together, perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time?
a social institution
(Q006) Sociology emerged in the nineteenth century, with the idea of a secular morality from what thinker?
Auguste Comte
(Q007) The early sociological writer, Harriet Martineau, wrote a book in 1838 that examined the institution of marriage and challenged assumptions about women's inferiority. In this respect, Martineau espoused what kind of theoretical position in her sociological writing?
feminist
(Q008) Rather than complaining about "kids these days," 52-year-old Professor Cathy Small enrolled as an undergraduate at a large university in an attempt to better understand the college experience of her students. She published her findings in the book, My Freshman Year (under the pen name of Rebekah Nathan). This research is in line with the methodology developed by which of the following early sociologists?
Max Weber
(Q010) Which American sociologist was the first to undertake ethnography in the African American community?
W. E. B. DuBois
(Q011) Jamar enters a clothing store and a security guard immediately notices him and follows his actions on a security monitor. Jamar is aware of the security guard's actions and adjusts his own behavior to avoid a potential confrontation. This is a contemporary example of which sociological concept developed at the turn of the twentieth century?
double consciousness
(Q012) Allison is concerned with the subtle messages that her niece receives from her kindergarten teacher about suitable careers. For example, picture books read in class portray women as nurses and secretaries but the doctors and engineers in the books are male. Allison's concerns reflect what kind of theoretical perspective?
feminist
(Q001) What is the best example of a quantitative research method?
conducting a survey of how frequently people exercise
(Q002) Both quantitative and qualitative methods (the way sociologists can gather data about a social issue or problem) are approaches that ideally attempt to establish a __________ between social elements.
causal relationship
(Q003) One of the classes you are enrolled in fills up every semester it is offered, and students rave about it. There's something about it beyond the topic and the instructor, which makes you curious. You have an idea about why this is so, so you decide to test your theory by jotting down a hypothesis, asking other students a few questions, and then seeing if the results fit your theory. You are employing what kind of research in your sociological search for answers?
a deductive approach
(Q004) A researcher observes that most teens entering a café choose to sit near other occupied tables, whereas most retirees choose a table that is farther away from other customers. The researcher then theorizes that youth like to feel that they are part of a larger group of people, whereas the elderly are more comfortable being alone. This is an example of which kind of research approach?
inductive
(Q005) You've noticed that when you sleep less, your grades suffer. At the same time, you realize that lower grades could also lead to a lack of sleep: that worrying about a possible dip in your grade point average could keep you up at night. What kind of relationship between the two variables, lack of sleep and lower grades, are you noticing here?
correlation
(Q006) What three factors are needed to establish causation?
correlation, time order, and ruling out alternative explanations
(Q007) Suppose you're at a party at a friend's apartment. One of the guests strikes up a conversation with you about voter apathy and claims he has a pretty good idea as to why it is so high, calling it a "well-educated hypothesis." You point out (much to his annoyance) that his idea is really nothing more than a guess. In order to accurately call his idea a hypothesis, he would need to
propose a relationship between two variables.
(Q008) Zayvon has conducted a study in which he found that college students with more friends tend to have higher GPAs. He concluded that as a person makes more friends, she has more social support and that helps her do better academically. However, when he collected longitudinal data in a follow-up study and was able to take into account time order, Zayvon found that, actually, as a person increases her GPA, she gains status on campus and attracts more friends. This is a case of
reverse causality.
(Q009) Hypothesis: Children in families that eat dinner together at least four times per week experience fewer behavioral problems in school. In this hypothesis, what is the dependent variable?
how often children misbehave in school
(Q010) What is an example of a negative relationship between an independent and a dependent variable?
Wealthier individuals tend to be less concerned about environmental problems.
(Q011) What is a moderating variable?
a factor that affects the relationship between the independent and dependent variables
(Q012) In the effort to stop the spread of HIV, organizations and countries have invested in research to understand how the virus spreads within a population. Often, this research investigates transmission through "having sex." Here, one of the challenges is to precisely define what "having sex" means, so that researchers can identify the relevant variables. This challenge of specifying a key idea is crucial to any good sociological study and is called
operationalization.
(Q014) Suppose that researchers find that if they ask respondents to report their happiness twice over the course of an interview, the respondents nearly always give identical responses. However, they also find that respondents are generally unwilling to report feeling unhappy because they think they will be judged negatively by the interviewer. This measure of happiness would be
reliable but not valid.
(Q001) Material culture includes
buildings, artworks, and technological devices.
(Q002) What is an example of nonmaterial culture?
the rules for using the weight room at the gym
(Q003) Climate change has evoked a politically polarized debate in the United States. For many, the cause and effect relationship between human activity and climate change seems obvious based on the science available. For others, such a claim seems ludicrous. Although it may seem that climate change is a matter of science, underlying the disagreement are attachments to opposing
ideologies.
(Q004) Suppose you are part of a research team stationed in Uganda to do sociological surveys. You are there with your same-sex spouse of eight years. In Uganda, homosexuality was criminalized in 2009 and is currently punishable by life imprisonment. Attitudes in the country are not favorable toward homosexuality, but you have not experienced difficulties in daily life. As you begin the write-up of your research, you are especially aware of the scholarly need to
avoid letting your own beliefs about same-sex relationships enter your writing.
(Q005) Every year, as many as 20,000 devotees of Harley Davidson motorcycles convene in Sturgis, South Dakota. Their numbers frequently overwhelm nearby towns and cities, including the Mt. Rushmore National Monument. For some tourists visiting the monument at that time, the cultural collision with tattooed and long-haired bikers might be jarring. For the tourist who thinks like a sociologist, such an encounter is an opportunity to observe a different group of people by applying
cultural relativism.
(Q006) What is an example of using cultural relativism to think about cultural differences?
You see a news story about a country where people often eat spicy seafood dishes in the morning, and you reason that their long coastline and hot climate provide easy access to both seafood and hot peppers.
(Q007) Your friend Jerome tells you that he believes culture is an innate biological aspect of human societies. Having already taken an introductory sociology class, you disagree, arguing that modes of behavior and understanding are not universal or natural. You give the example of the disagreement between indigenous Americans and colonial Europeans about whether land was something that could be owned. You are trying to illustrate the idea of
cultural scripts.
(Q008) Skateboarding is a popular youth pastime. Within the activity, there are distinct variations on how it's done, and the skating vocabulary can vary by place. In addition, skateboarders have distinctive gear, such as skate shoes designed to provide grip and durability. All this sets skaters apart as a kind of
subculture.
(Q010) Some businesses in the United States, especially food-service establishments, will post signs that read, "No shirt, no shoes, no service." These signs
einforce a cultural norm.
(Q011) Think about your own experience of going to school. More than simply "what you learned in school today," much of our lives in the United States are shaped by that entire experience: what we choose to wear, with whom we make friends, whom we avoid, and how we respond to authority figures, whether teachers or preachers or police. Overall, our experience of school is
a major part of socialization.
(Q012) As a budding sociologist, you decide to study American politics by attending presidential caucuses. You identify as a liberal independent, but you are interested in the process from different perspectives. Your first stop is at a caucus for Republican candidates. Everyone in the audience is passionate about their beliefs, and you find yourself swept up in the process, reacting against ideas that you see as extreme. In developing the paper discussing your study results, what is one of the challenges you in particular must overcome to produce an unbiased study?
remembering that everyone, including you, is inculcated into systems of beliefs that influence thinking and perceptions
(Q013) Certain ideals about women's appearance are highly valued in the United States, such as thinness, muscular definition, and blemish-free skin. Reflection theory suggests that this obsession in our culture with the "perfect female body" emerges from our social structures and shapes the kinds of relationships we seek and value: we want to be around people who meet this standard of perfection. That is, the culture of women's bodies is a result of our own proclivities, and not a result of how women are depicted in the media. The primary difficulty with this idea is that it
presumes culture is a one-way process.
(Q014) When fears of contagious diseases such as avian flu and Ebola arise, public health officials encourage people to replace greetings involving close contact (handshakes, hugs) with an elbow bump. This change in greetings represents a shift in
social norms.
(Q015) North Korea has been ruled for more than 50 years by a single powerful family. The citizenry, as best as can be determined, is highly regimented in daily life, without access to outside information, and suffering frequent famine. Sociologically speaking, the leadership of North Korea is
dominating.
(Q017) For a research project in an introductory sociology course, a student decides to compare how women's magazines cover health and beauty topics versus career and professional topics. This student is conducting
textual analysis.
(Q018) A television ad campaign for a new toy starts playing nationwide in late October. Within weeks, big box retailers are selling out of the toy as parents prepare for the holidays. This response is an example of a
short-term, intended media effect.
________ argued that other people provide us with a social mirror and that our interpretations of this mirror affect how we see ourselves.
Charles Horton Cooley
________ is an example of adult socialization, while ________ would be more appropriately characterized as resocialization.
The correct answer is: Training for a new job; moving to a new country
According to Erving Goffman, we all try to make good impressions on others and we actively work to ensure that others believe they are doing the same. He calls this
impression management.
According to Erving Goffman, when there is a breach in an established script, people generally
work hard to repair the mistake so everyone can move forward.
According to George Herbert Mead's stages of social development, children first learn to recognize an other through
imitation.
According to the theory proposed by Charles Horton Cooley, we develop a concept of self by
interpreting how others think about us.
An ascribed status is one that
a person has little or no control over.
As a sociological concept, roles
lay out what is expected of people.
Because military boot camps and prisons are places that control all of the basic elements of people's day-to-day lives, they are known as
total institutions.
Camilla sits on a crowded bus with her phone in her hand and staring blankly at no one in particular. Referring to this type of behavior, Psychiatrist Fadi Haddad worries that technology is making people less
socially nuanced.
Carlie is a teenager who is very much influenced by her friends. They sometimes convince her to do things she really doesn't want to do, like skip class. This type of conformity, especially among teenage friends, is known as
peer pressure.
Harold Garfinkel developed an approach to studying human interaction that focused on how people produce and maintain a mutually shared social order. This method was called
ethnomethodology.
Identify the major obstacle that keeps computers from effectively mimicking human beings in a Turing test experiment.
a lack of socialization
In line with the "looking glass theory" developed by Charles Horton Cooley, which of the following statements is true?
Our interpretations of how others see us are more important than the reality of how others see us.
Saying "hello" when answering the telephone signals the start of an encounter in the first bracket and is known to dramaturgical theorists as
the opening.
A crime such as burglary is also known as which type of deviance?
formal
According to Emile Durkheim's research, what is the primary reason that Protestants are more likely to commit suicide than Catholics and Jews?
Protestantism is based on the individual, which creates less social integration.
Protestantism is based on the individual, which creates less social integration.
the shift from "violence against the body" to "reforming the soul."
According to Howard S. Becker, why do marijuana smokers enjoy using the drug?
They engage in a social process of learning to define the experience as fun and pleasurable.
According to Robert Merton, which of the following describes a person who accepts both the goals defined by society and the means to achieve them?
conformist
Although deviant behavior can be threatening and damaging, paradoxically it also
strengthens society by exercising mechanisms that preserve cohesion.
Identify the listed action that would reduce crime, according to differential opportunity theory.
increased returns on legitimate work
Identify which example fits what Durkheim hypothesizes will happen over time as a society becomes more and more fully modern in character.
The death penalty may entirely disappear.
Identify which of the following is an element of the broken windows theory of deviance.
Deviance is a self-reinforcing spiral.
Labeling theory focuses on
the social process through which people become deviants.
Social deviance is a breach of ________; crime is a breach of ________.
norms; law
When certain styles of dress, types of music, and types of cars become associated with specific groups of people and with a perception of having a criminal element, we would say these objects have taken on
stigma.
When people in a society form social bonds and relate to each other on a daily basis, the society is said to exhibit
social cohesion.
"Gender structures social relationships between people unequally." This is a statement that exemplifies the ________ perspective on gender.
feminist
A man who commits a homosexual act within prison
does not necessarily view himself as a homosexual.
A person who sees a female nurse caring gently for a patient may attribute her nurturing behavior to her being a woman. However, if we consider the concept of deceptive distinctions, we could reasonably conclude that
the nurse's behavior is more influenced by her occupation than her gender.
Alfred Kinsey's 1948 study Sexual Behavior in the Human Male is important because
it viewed sexuality as falling on a continuum, thus challenging the psychiatric claim of homosexuality as abnormal.
Dalton Conley asked Amos Mac "whether he felt more like a man now than he had before he transitioned." Identify a major reason why this question reflects a binary understanding of gender.
It assumes a single experience of being "male."
Identify what Paula England learned in her research on hookup culture among students.
Hookups tend to serve male interests more than female ones.
In Navajo tribes, there are three genders. Which of the following is their third gender category?
nadle
Parsons's sex role theory sees a gendered division of labor as functional for a stable society. In framing gender expectations in this way, Parsons and other structural functionalists
tend to justify the existing order of gender practices in social institutions.
What does Patricia Hill Collins mean by a "matrix of domination"?
The nature and extent of a person's oppression is a function of multiple factors, not just one.
When token men enter feminized jobs, they enjoy a quicker rise to leadership positions. This is referred to as the
glass escalator.
Which of the following aligns with the arguments of black feminism?
Black women face unique oppressions that white women, and even black men, do not.
Which of the following is one main reason why a Navajo person would identify as nadle? The person
was born with ambiguous genitalia.
Which of the following is one of the reasons why sociologists view gender as a social construction rather than a biological given?
Our understandings of, categorizations of, and behaviors toward what it means to be a man or woman have changed throughout history.
Which of the following situations provides an example of how the social categories of gender influence the biology of sex?
the decision to perform sex reassignment surgery on a male infant born with a micropenis (e.g., a phallus measuring less than 2 centimeters in length) and raise the baby as a female
A powerful example of the devaluation of housework in the United States was the original September 11th Victim Compensation Fund. Ultimately, after feminist groups lobbied the U.S. government, what happened?
Both the deceased's future earnings and his or her estimated contributions to the family's unpaid household work were estimated to determine the family's amount of compensation.
According to your textbook, the most frequent form of domestic violence is
sibling on sibling.
After how long do a majority of single mothers who receive welfare get off the welfare rolls in the United States?
2 years
Brad's parents divorced when he was five, but now both of them are married again. He has two stepbrothers on his mother's side and a stepsister on his father's side. These families are examples of which of the following type of family?
a blended family
Christine and her husband Carl both work. Outside working hours, Christine does most of the housework and Carl serves on the local city council. Sarah Fenstermaker Berk, who studies family role formation, would refer to families like this one as a
"gender factory."
Cole and Debbie are a married couple with young children. They split up work, household chores, and child-care responsibilities evenly and they feel that the balance is pretty much equal. Sociologist Barbara Risman calls this a(n) ________ family.
fair
Dylan refuses to have a relationship with someone who lives in his dormitory, which he jokingly refers to as "dorm-cest." He is practicing the rule known as
exogamy.
Identify a major reason why in the United States made the concept of a "traditional" family structure a less viable ideal for black families.
Forced separations of spouses, siblings, and parents from children led to a more expansion definition of kinship, and thus an extended model took root.
Identify which of the following is often a consequence for children when parents divorce, according The Unexpected Legacy of Divorce, by Judith Wallstein, et al (2000).
higher rates of depression
Identify which of the following is one of the reasonable explanations for the downward trend in the divorce rate, starting in about 1980, according to the text.
Americans are getting married later, when they are more mature.
In families where both spouses work for wages, the second shift can best be described as
the domestic tasks that fall disproportionately on women in addition to their paid work.
In Loving v. Virginia, the Supreme Court ruled that existing state-level bans on interracial marriage were unconstitutional. Many people disagreed with this decision. They felt we all should
partner up with similar people and respect endogamy.
In the United States, ________ are the most likely to marry someone of a different race.
Asian Americans
In the United States, black women and women in poverty have come to rely on ________ in order to manage their child care and work responsibilities?
their extrafamilial female networks
In the United States, the labor force participation rate for women
increased steadily in the second half of the twentieth century but has now leveled out and even decreased slightly.
Loving v. Virginia (1967) struck down America's ________ laws.
anti-miscegenation
The ________ theory of the family, developed by Talcott Parsons, argues that nuclear families are necessary for child rearing and fulfilling society's need for productive workers.
functionalist
The concept of a "traditional" nuclear family, such as the homemaker mother and breadwinner father, is one that emerged from American history. Which of the following statements describes the reality about the "traditional" family?
It was unique to a particular time in history (1950s) and in broader historical view, seems almost unusual.
A classroom would not typically fall under Georg Simmel's classification of a small group because, unlike a typical classroom, a small group
lacks formal arrangements or roles.
A local organization values democracy and diversity and therefore solicits input on every decision it makes. In hiring, they also use recruiting strategies that are likely to attract a wide variety of applicants. These beliefs and behaviors are part of the
organizational culture.
A person who tries to drive a wedge between the other two people in a triad is termed by Georg Simmel as
divide and conquer.
A process by which organizations face the same conditions, and ultimately tend to end up like each other, is known as
isomorphism.
A real estate agent earns money by contractually maintaining or creating distance or contact between potential buyers and sellers. This example highlights which of the following?
structural holes
A university in your state recently added a new state-of-the-art student center on their campus. This student center has bowling alleys, fast-food restaurants, group study space, and the latest green technology. Not long after it was finished, almost every other university in your state proposed and began building a new student center, too. How can the theory of institutional isomorphism explain this phenomenon?
Universities operate in the same environment and therefore end up looking alike.
According to American sociologist Charles Horton Cooley, a family is an example of which type of group?
primary
According to Georg Simmel, which of the following groups is the most fragile?
dyad
C. Wright Mills' term for interlocking directorates is which of the following?
the power elite
Stigmatized groups, such as felons in the United States, are known as
out-groups.
Which of the following is a case study of a lifestyle that has endured and maintained its traditions despite big changes in modern life?
the Amish in Pennsylvania
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