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Chapter 11 Urinary

Terms in this set (112)

retroperitoneal space
small area behind the peritoneum of abdominal cavity, where kidneys are located
other names for the urinary system
urinary tract, genitourinary (GU) system, genitourinary tract, urogenital system, urogenital tract, excretory system
kidney
reddish-brown color, 4 inches long 2 inches wide, weighs less than 1/2 pound, upper end of each kidney positioned under lower edge of the rib cage in the flank area of the back, each kidney sits in a cushion of fatty tissue in the retroperitoneal space, hilum is an indentation in the medial surface of the kidney, the renal artery enters there and the renal vein and ureter exit there
adrenal glands
sit on top of the kidneys like caps but are not part of the urinary system
medulla
inner layer that contains triangular shaped renal pyramids, tip of each pyramid connects to minor calyx-area that collects urine, several minor calices drain into major calyx. major calices drain into renal pelvis-large funnel-shaped area that narrows to become the ureter. urine flows continuously through minor calices, major ones, renal pelvis, and into ureter
ureter
12 inch tube that connects renal pelvis of the kidney to the bladder, enters the bladder on its posterior side
ureteral orifices
openings in the bladder, wall of ureters are smooth muscle that contracts to move urine into the bladder, a process known as peristalsis
bladder
expandable organ that stores urine until it is expelled from the body, rounded top is the fundus
urethra
tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
external urethral sphincter
Muscular ring in the urethra. It can be consciously controlled to release or hold back urine
urethra in men
7-8 inches long, as urethra leaves the bladder, it travels through the center of the prostate gland, a donut shaped gland at the base of the bladder-prostatic urethra. prostate gland is not part of urinary ststem but enlargement of this gland can affect the urinary system by pressing on and narrowing the urethra
urethral meatus
external opening of the urethra, located at tip of penis
urethra in women
much shorter, 1-2 inched from bladder to external surface of the body
parenchyma
the functional or working area of any organ
nephron
microscopic functional units of the kidney, comprised of kidney cells and capillaries, each of which is capable of forming urine
glomerulus
a network of capillaries in the Bowman's capsules of the kidney
urea
from protein metabolism
Creatinine
from muscle contractions
uric acid
from purine metabolism to construct cellular DNA and RNA
proximal convoulted tubule
site where bicarbonate is secreted into the blood and blood loses proton
nephron loop
proximal convoluted tubule becomes a u-shaped tubule which is this, more water and electrolytes are reabsorbed back into the blood
distal convoluted tubule
Between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct; Selective reabsorption and secretion occur here, most notably to regulate reabsorption of water and sodium
urination, micturition, voiding
process of emptying the bladder
If blood pressure decreases, the kidneys:
produce concentrated urine with less water in it. aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone act on the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to cause mroe sodium and water to be reabsorbed. increrases blood volume and blood pressure. secrete the enzyme renin directly into the blood. renin stimulates the production of angiotensin-vasoconstrictor that causes blood vessels to constrict, increasing blood pressure
glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney
hydronephrosis
abnormal condition of water in the kidney
nephrolithiasis
kidney stones
nephropathy
disease of the kidney
nephroptosis
drooping kidney
nephrotic syndrome
group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine
polycystic kidney disease
a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys
pyelonephritis
inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney
renal cell cancer
Cancerous tumor (carcinoma) that arises from tubules in the nephron.
Treatment: Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy
renal failure
loss of kidney function resulting in its inability to remove waste products from the body and maintain electrolyte balance
uremia
presence of urinary waste in the blood
bladder cancer
cancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the bladder; major sign is hematuria
cystitis
inflammation of the urinary bladder
cystocele
protrusion of the bladder
neurogenic bladder
a urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination
overactive bladder
occurs when the muscles of the bladder contract involuntarily even though the bladder is not actually full enough to indicate the need to urinate
urinary retention
inability to empty the bladder
vesicovaginal fistula
abnormal opening between the bladder and the vagina
epispadias
congenital defect in which the urinary meatus is located on the upper surface of the penis
urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
albuminuria
protein in the urine
anuria
absence of urine
bacteriuria
bacteria in the urine
dysuria
painful urination
enuresis
involuntary discharge of urine
glycosuria
sugar in the urine
hematuria
blood in the urine
hesitancy
difficulty starting urination
Hypokalemia
deficient potassium in the blood
incontinence
inability to control bladder and/or bowels
ketonuria
ketones in the urine
nocturia
excessive urination at night
oliguria
decreased production of urine due to kidney failure
polyuria
excessive urination
pyuria
white blood cells in the urine, indicating a urinary tract infection
urgency
strong urge to urinate and a sense of pressure in the bladder as the bladder contracts repeatedly
UTI
E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)
Tx: Bactrim, Ciprofloxacin
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
measurement of urea levels in blood
culture and sensitivity (C&S)
laboratory test that grows a colony of bacteria removed from infected area in order to identify the specific type of bacteria and then determine its sensitivity to a variety of antibiotics
drug screening
Test performed on employees' or athletes' urine to detect any individual who is using illegal, addictive, or performance-enhancing drugs.
leukocyte esterase
an enzyme found in some white blood cells, the presence of which in urine is a sign of infection
24 hour creatinine clearance
Test that collects all urine for 24 hours to measure the total amount of creatinine "cleared" (excreted) by the kidneys. The result is compared to the level of creatinine in the blood to determine kidney function.
urinalysis (UA)
Test that describes the urine and detects substances in it. A quick urinalysis can be done with a dipstick test or the urine specimen can be sent to a laboratory for a full analysis.
Ketones
Fragments formed by the tissues during incomplete use of fat for energy, and released into the blood.
Specific Graviry
measurement of the concentration of the urine as compared to that of water
sediment
in the urine, can become a kidney stone, casts are protein molecules or blood that is molded by the cylindrical shape of the tubules
urine protein electrophoresis (UPEP)
Test that uses electricity to move substances in a gel. Detects immunoglobulins and Bence-Jones protein, an abnormal protein in the urine of patients with the cancer multiple myeloma.
intravenous pyelogram
a radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters used to diagnose changed in the urinary tract
nephrotomography
diagnostic procedure that images the kidney with sectional x-rays to observe internal details of kidney structure
renal angiography
x-ray examination (with contrast) of the blood vessels of the kidney
renal scan
nuclear medicine imaging procedure that determines renal function and shape through measurement of a radioactive substance that is injected intravenously and concentrates in the kidney
ultrasonography
A noninvasive technique involving the formation of a two-dimensional image used for the examination and measurement of internal body structures and the detection of bodily abnormalities
Cystometry
procedure that evaluates the function of the nerves to the bladder
voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)
x-ray of the bladder and urethra performed before, during, and after voiding using a contrast medium to enhance imaging
catheterization
insertion of a tube through the urethra and into the urinary bladder for the purpose of withdrawing urine or inserting dye
dialysis
a procedure to remove waste products from the blood of patients whose kidneys no longer function
intake and output (I&O)
a record that notes all fluids taken in or eliminated by a person in a given period of time
urine specimen
Procedure to obtain a urine specimen for testing
bladder neck suspension
procedure to correct stress urinary incontinence
cystectomy
excision of the bladder
cystoscopy
visual examination of the urinary bladder
lithotripsy
crushing of a stone
nephrectomy
surgical removal of a kidney
nephrolitotomy
is the surgical removal of a kidney stone through an incision in the kidney
nephropexy
surgical fixation of the kidney
renal biopsy
removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination
stone basketing
Procedure in which a cystoscope is inserted into the bladder. A stone basket is then passed through the cystoscope to snare a kidney stone and remove it.
transurethral resection of a bladder tumor (TURBT)
procedure to remove a bladder tumor from inside the bladder
The renal artery enters the kidney at the area called​ the:
A.
renal pelvis.
B.
calyx.
C.
hilum.
D.
flank.
C
The bladder can expand to fill with urine because it​ has:
A.
a bladder neck.
B.
ureteral orifices.
C.
rugae.
D.
internal and external sphincters.
C
The only difference between the male and female urinary structures is​ the:
A.
length of the ureters.
B.
size of the kidneys.
C.
number of nephrons.
D.
length of the urethra.
D
The parenchyma of the kidneys is defined as​ the:
A.
working​ structures, the nephrons.
B.
calices which collect urine.
C.
triangular tissue areas within the medulla.
D.
​tough, outer capsule.
A
Which set of words means the same​ thing?
A.
​urination, micturition, and voiding
B.
​filtrate, urea, and electrolytes
C.
​pelvis, calyx, and ureter
D.
​capsule, cortex, and calyx
A
Nephrolithiasis is a disorder in​ which:
A.
scar tissue forms in the kidney.
B.
there is blood in the urine.
C.
the nephrons are inflamed and infected.
D.
stones form in the kidney.
D
In a severe case of​ nephroptosis, what type of surgery is​ recommended?
A.
nephrectomy
B.
nephrolithotomy
C.
nephropexy
D.
cystoscopy
C
Polycystic kidney disease​ is:
A.
a hereditary disease.
B.
an infectious disease.
C.
a malignant cancer.
D.
a stone disorder.
A
Hydronephrosis is described​ as:
A.
urine leaking from the kidney pelvis.
B.
too much urine being formed.
C.
enlargement of the kidney due to​ backed-up urine.
D.
the kidneys not filtering waste products.
C
Which word is spelled​ correctly?
A.
uretha
B.
ureia
C.
ascites
D.
calcalus
C
Enuresis is a disorder in​ which:
A.
waste products are not being filtered.
B.
urine is released involuntarily.
C.
there is no urine production.
D.
the bladder wall is infected.
B
Which substance should normally be in​ urine?
A.
bacteria
B.
urea
C.
ketones
D.
protein
B
A suprapubic catheter​ is:
A.
placed directly into the kidney pelvis.
B.
used for getting a​ one-time specimen.
C.
placed through the abdomen into the bladder.
D.
placed through the urethra.
C
Peritoneal dialysis can be described​ as:
A.
inserting fluid into the abdomen to absorb waste.
B.
filtering blood through a machine and returning the blood.
C.
injecting fluid into the kidney to be filtered.
D.
diverting blood into the intestines to be filtered.
A
What procedure can be used to retrieve a stone that is in the kidney​ pelvis?
A.
TURBT
B.
nephropexy
C.
nephrolithotomy
D.
stone basketing
C
To increase the amount of urine being​ made, which drug is MOST​ appropriate?
A.
antispasmodic
B.
diuretic
C.
urinary analgesic
D.
antibiotic
B
The abbreviation IVP refers​ to:
A.
a type of catheterization.
B.
a procedure of recording urine volume.
C.
an​ x-ray test using an injected dye.
D.
a plain abdominal​ x-ray.
C
TNTC refers​ to:
A.
an ultrasound test of the kidneys.
B.
a large amount of blood cells in the urine.
C.
a drug category.
D.
an excess of waste products in the blood.
B
Which patient has the poorest chance for​ survival? A​ patient:
A.
whose urine has a SG of 1.005.
B.
who has ESRD.
C.
who had a kidney transplantation.
D.
who had a UA done.
B
Which of the following tests the blood to show how well the kidneys are​ functioning?
A.
pH
B.
BUN
C.
​I&O
D.
ESWL
B
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