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mfc exam 1

Terms in this set (184)

Accessible Design
A design approach intended to benefit as many people as possible, including people with special needs.
Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG)
- Minimum dimensional requirements regarding access and egress through a building (pathways, ramps, slopes, & stairs)•
- The measure and performance of selective elements NOT specific materials (i.e. the min. recommended coefficient of friction for floor surfaces)
Anthropometrics
A science of measuring the human body in an effort to help design and engineer products be comfortable and safe
Ergonomics
- The investigation of the interaction between built form and the actions the human body makes in order to perform a task
- Harmonizing the alignment among the built form, activity, and the limits of the human body
Posture
- The position of the human body when standing, sitting, walking, squatting
- It shapes and is shaped by design
- Communicates societal / cultural norms
Proxemics
- The study of the inversely proportional distances between people as they communicate in and through space
- These distances effect the way people move through and interact with one another and the built environment
Universal Design
- A design approach that attempts to accommodate all people, not just people with disabilities
- Incorporates principles of accessibility, intuitive use, and equitability
Human Perception and Behavior
- Immediate and Constant
- Our sensory response to materials directly influence our experience and contributes to our perception of comfort, pleasure or dissatisfaction
Thermal sense
environmental comfort
olfactory sense
smell
color
The quality of an object or substance with respect to light reflected by the object, usually determined visually by measurement of hue, saturation, and brightness of the reflected light
Hue
Another word for color: A gradation or variety of a color: The property of light by which the color of an object is classified as red, blue, green or yellow in reference to the spectrum
Depth
The visual or perceived depth of a materials surface
Light Transmission
The property of a material or substance to permit the passage of light, with little or none of the incident light absorbed in the process
Luster
A visual quality caused by the refraction and reflection of light off a finished surface
Reflection
The change in direction of a wavelength at the interface of two different media so that the wavelength returns to the medium from which it originated
Shade / Tone
The presence of black in a color or hue
Sheen
The appearance of gloss on a surface
Visual Texture
The tactile appearance of a surface
Tint
The presence of white in a color or hue
Value
The overall degree of lightness and darkness of a hue
Emissivity
The degree of light reflectivity
Conductivity
rate of transfer of heat energy through the material
Radiant Potential
capacity of material to release heat into the surrounding ambient environment
Three types of materials
natural, processed, and synthetic
NATURAL MATERIALS
- Exist in nature
- Need little modification for use as a building material
- ex. wood or stone
PROCESSED MATERIALS
- Result of converting natural materials into special forms for practical use
- ex. glass or concrete
SYNTHETIC MATERIALS
- Do not exist in Nature
- Created and/or manufactured through artificial processes
- ex. plastic
Relative
how it compares to other materials
Qualitative
as perceived through the senses
Quantitative
numeric measure
Absorption Coefficient
Ability to absorb moisture, oils, and odors
Acoustics
Ability of materials to absorb or reflect sound; science of how sound is transmitted
Aging and Weathering
How the material reacts to climatic and environmental conditions such as moisture, humidity, sun exposure, air pollution, etc.
Cellular Structure
How the material's arrangement of cells contributes to its performance; whether homogenous or heterogenous
Compressive Strength
Ability of Material to withstand pushing forces without losing its structural integrity
tensile strength
Ability of Material to resist being pulled or stretched before it loses its structural integrity
Density
Weight of the material relative to its volume and mass
Dimensional Movement and Stability
How materials behave over time as they shrink or expand under various conditions
Ductility
Ability of material to be impacted or shaped without breaking; how it bends or formed
Durability
Ability of material to withstand corrosion, provide strength and protection under different weather conditions
Elasticity
Ability of material to resist deformation and return to its original shape
Emissivity
Ability of material to release absorbed heat; higher coefficient means the lower its reflectance value
Flame and Smoke Ratings
Indicate how quickly a flame will spread along a material's surface and how much smoke is generated as it burns
Stability
Ability of material to remain inert, with little or no dimensional change, even when changes occur in moisture, temperature or applied force
Surface Attributes
Qualities of the surface including how they feel, how they are maintained, its finish
Thermal Conductivity
Ability to transfer heat from a region of high temperature to a region of lower temperature
Thermal Transmittance
How heat is transferred from one material to another
Workability and Joinery
Quality of a material's resistance to be cut, drilled, sanded, planed, folded or shaped
Concrete Properties
- Composed of portland cement, sand, stone, (aggregate) and water
- Chemical reactions causes mixture to harden
- Concrete Cures never Dries
- 30 days to cure
Concrete Process
Cast in Place/in Situ
Pre-fabricated Panels
Control Joints
Great in Compression
Poor in Tension
Concrete advantages
Versatile
Strength
Durability and Maintenance (Sealant)
Diversity of form and finish (texture, acid etched, sandblasting)
Acceptance of color (paint, dyes, acid stains)
Concrete: Disadvantages
Cracking
Acoustics aren't great
Can be porous if not finished
Stains if not sealed
Little deflection: strain on pedestrians
concrete sustainability
Contains Recycled Materials (fly ash and ground slag)
Concrete is Recyclable as aggregate for new concrete mix
Contributes to Thermal Mass
Regionally Available
Swisspearl panels
Designed as ventilated facade system
Cement Composite
Integrally Colored and Textured which imparts a monolithic appearance
Pixel Panels
Concrete light-transmissive
Concrete as a binder with added polymers to provide translucency at a given viewing distance
Brick: Production
Made from Clay
Soft Mud Process
Stiff Mud Process
Dry Press
Brick: Properties
Dimensional Brick
Veneer Brick
Salvaged Brick
Brick: Installation
Brick Course
Mortar and Vertical Surfaces
Mortar Joints
Headers and Rowlocks
Wide Face and Brick Ties
Brick: Advantages
Durability
Contiguous material
Hardness / Permanence
Aesthetic: Pattern, Flexibility
Brick: Disadvantages
Labor intensive installation
Freeze / thaw cycle
Inability to accept change (maintenance)
Rough texture
Difficult to attach interior elements(i.e. signage, millwork, etc.)
Brick: Sustainability
Serve as structure and finish
Durable Recyclable
Provides Thermal Mass
Fire Resistant/Non-Combustible
Regionally Available
Glass: Properties
NON-CRYSTALLINESOLID
Technically a liquid
Functionally a solid
Glass: Properties
Light Transmittance
Energy Efficiency
Strength
Fire Resistance
LIGHT TRANSMITTANCE
Measurement of light transmitting through glassDay Light vs. Heat Gain
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
U-value: (heat loss or gain)
R-value: (resistance to heat transfer)
Low-Emissivity (Low -E) glass
Reflective Glass
Tinted Glass
Ceramic Frit Glass
Insulated Glass Assembly
INSULATED GLASS ASSEMBLY
Glass face within an Assembly
1-2-3-4 starting with the exterior face of the glass assembly
Spandrel Glass
Annealed Glass
Plate glass is slowly cooled under controlled conditions
Easily fractures
Typical breakage produces long, sharp-edged splinters
Tempered Glass
Float glass that is heated, then rapidly cooled, causing it to harden and contract
Higher impact energy required to break, but shatters completely into small, blunt pieces when broken
Laminated Glass
Breaks easily
May crack under impact, but typically remains integral.
Splinters and sharp fragments adhere to interlayer
Wired Glass
Metal wire mesh embedded within the glass
Breaks similarly like annealed glass
Wires protrude when broken
Types of safety glass
Heat Strength (x2)
Tempered (x4)
Laminated
Float glass production
smooth flat sheets
rolled glass production
flat sheets for decorative/patterned glass wire glass
Cast glass production
textured surfaces
Glass: Advantages
"non-material"
Reflection
Diversity of form and finish
New technologies
Glass: Disadvantages
Brittle: crack, shatter
Poor acoustics
Low thermal properties
Difficult to maintain
Glare/ Lighting
LCD Privacy Glass
Uses Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) technology
Adjustable transparency
Metals: Properties
Strength
Elasticity
Plasticity
Tensile
Strength
Conductivity
IRON
Ferrous Metal
Easy to work with
Oxidizes Rapidly
Combined with other metals in Alloys
Ferrous metals
Cast Iron
Steel
Stainless Steel
Ferrous Metals Adv.
High strength to weight ratio
Versatile
Durable
Recyclable
Resistance to Corrosion
Resistance to Staining
Magnetic
Ferrous Metals Dis.
Weight
Can be dented, scratched
Harsh, machined qualities(cold to the touch)
High cost of final finishing
Non-Ferrous Metals
Aluminum
Zinc
Copper
Brass
Bronze
Chromium
Nickel
Tin
Non-Ferrous Metals Adv.
Easily shaped, joined, etc.
Aesthetic: Desired Patina
Resistant to Corrosion
Non-Ferrous Metals Dis.
Easily stained if not finished
Finishes can crack and chip
Finishing Metals
Anodized
Alloy
Casting
Corrosion
Field Joint
Galvanizing
FIGURE - wood prop
natural growth features; includes density of growth rings, concentricity or eccentricity of rings, distribution of color, effect of physical damage or disease
GRAIN - wood prop
wood's cell structure; usually follows the main axis of the trunk; types: straight, cross, interlocking, wavy, curly
TEXTURE - wood prop
relative size of wood cells; fine versus coarse-textured
COLOR - wood prop
dependent on the presence of chemical extractives in the cells
WEIGHT - wood prop
based on specific gravity of wood; the higher the specific gravity the heavier the wood
Wood: Advantages
Ecologically perfect material
Tensile/compressive strength
Contiguous material
Aesthetic qualities: color, texture, tactile, pattern
Wood: Disadvantages
Susceptible to moisture damage
Food source for insects
Brittle in dry climates
FOREST STEWARDSHIP COUNCIL (FSC):
•Never harvests more than what grows back
•Protects biodiversity and endangered species
•Saves rare ancient trees
•Guards local streams
•Supports the local people
•Uses narrow skidding trails so as not to disrupt the rest of the forest
•Prohibits replacement by tree plantations
•Bans toxic chemicals
•Bans genetically modified trees (no GMO)
SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY INITIATIVE (SFI):
•Allows large clearcuts
•Allows logging close to rivers and streams that harms water supplies
•Allows use of toxic chemicals
•Allows conversion of old-growth forests to tree plantations
•Allows use of genetically modified trees
Coniferous Trees (Softwoods):
Botanical Group Gymnospermaeor plants that bear exposed seeds; evergreen, have narrow, needle-shaped leaves; usually light colored
Deciduous Trees (Hardwoods)
Botanical group Angiospermaeor plants that flower, produce seeds-bearing ovaries that develop into fruits or nuts
PLYWOOD
sandwich of wood veneers; can be faced with finish grade veneer; Grades A (best) to D (poorest)
INTERIOR PLYWOOD
used for non-structural; appearance grade face ply for front and poorer quality for back: wood paneling and furniture
EXTERIOR PLYWOOD:
exposed to the elements; uses a phenolic adhesive; WBP (weather and boil proof)
Marine plywood
Type of plywood which is waterproofed
STRUCTURAL PLYWOOD
engineering-grade; pressure treated
ENGINEERED: wood
general term; also called mass timber, composite wood, man-made wood, or manufactured board; designed to meet specific performance requirements
BLOCKBOARD:
form of plywood, made of laminated construction; core made of strips of solid wood
LAMINBOARD:
similar to blockwood, but core made of narrow strips of wood
PARTICLEBOARD:
made of small chips or flakes of wood bonded together under pressure; used as base for veneering
CHIPBOARD:
made of coarse particles, bonded; used as base for veneering
ORIENTED-STRAND BOARD:
three-layer made from long strands of pine; each layer perpendicular in direction with the next
FLAKERBOARD or WAFERBOARD:
uses large shavings that are laid horizontally and overlap one another; greater tensile strength than chipboard
FIBERBOARDS:
reconstituted fibers bonded by adhesives under high temperature and pressure
HARDBOARDS:
produced from wet fibers pressed at high pressure and temperature; natural resin in the fiber are used to bond
MEDIUM DENSITY FIBERBOARDS:
fibers bonded with synthetic resin adhesive; fine texture; smooth surface
sustainable development
"Sustainable Development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
"High Performance Buildings"
tread lightly on the land
full of natural daylight healthier for their occupants
use less water and energy
Biomimicry:
A discipline that studies natural phenomena and then imitates these designs and processes to solve human needs -not about designs that look like natural objects, but designs that work like natural things do.
Sustainable Products:
Products providing environmental, social and economic benefits while protecting public health, welfare and environment over their full commercial cycle, from the extraction of raw materials to final disposition
Greenwash:
the practice of promoting environmentally friendly programs to deflect attention from an organization's environmentally unfriendly or less savory activities
Embodied Energy:
Available energy that was used in the extraction, making, transportation, consumption and decomposition of a product
Carbon Footprint:
The amount of greenhouse gasses that are produced by a person, activity, or event
Net-Zero Energy:
A term used to describe a building that has the technology to produce energy that equals or exceeds the amount of energy that the building consumes
Material Extraction:
Is the removal of layers of earth and/or core drilling
Stone Extraction
2 common ways to extract
Subsurface Mining
Quarrying (open pit)
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA):
A tool used to help determine the comprehensive environmental impact of products, services, or process. Most example of life cycles depict five stages: 1.Extraction of raw materials
2.Refining the raw materials
3.Manufacturing the product
4.Consumer use of the product
5.Disposal and or recycling
Cradle-To-Grave:
A term used to describe the life cycle of a product beginning with the extraction of the raw materials and processing until the item is disposed of a waste
Cradle-To-Cradle:
A Term, proposed by William McDonough and Dr. Michael Braungartusedto describe a closed loop system; idea of "waste"is eliminated; end is beginning; positive
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ):
A term use to describe the health conditions of the air within a building
Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ):
Considerations associated with the built environment that must be employed for the health and well-being of people -including the availability of daylight, views to the outdoors, humidity levels, adequacy of ventilation, user control of human comfort, noise level, and indoor air pollution
Volatile Organic Compounds VOC:
naturally or synthetically derived carbon-based organic chemicals emitted as gasses into the air by the process of evaporation. Formaldehyde, a VOC is produced as the solvent in adhesives, paints and varnishes evaporates
Non-Toxic:
Does not emit toxic gasses or particulates
Renewable Materials
Resources are easily replaced made from agricultural products that are typically harvested within a 10-year or shorter cycle
ex.
Bamboo
Wool
Cotton Linoleum Wheatboard Strawboard
Cork
Third Party Certified Wood: verifies the
1.Harvesting Process
2.Chain of Custody: A term that describes a process for a product that begins with extraction through to the consumer
VOC
Volatile Organic Compound
10 times more concentrated indoors than outdoorsV
OC can penetrate fibers of absorptive materials such as carpets, ceiling tiles
Functional: Material Selection Criteria
Will the product perform safely and effectively, meeting all relevant code requirements?
Aesthetic: Material Selection Criteria
Does the product reflect the design intent for the project in terms of shape, color, or size?
Sustainability: Material Selection Criteria
Will this product deplete natural resources or negatively impact the environment?
Financial: Material Selection Criteria
Does the product cost correspond to the project budget?
Material Life Cycle
The stages of a product's life from raw material extraction and harvesting, processing, manufacturing, distribution, use, repair or maintenance, to disposal and reuse
Why Conduct a Life Cycle Assessment
Reduce environmental impact and waste
Reduce costs
Identify appropriate performance indicators
Support marketing claims
Premise:
value of money changes over time due to inflation, investment potential and interest rates
Present Value:
conversion of product costs to "today's dollars"
Depreciation:
Value of product diminishes through time
"Through the Cracks" (2010) by Katherine Setser
Interior designers are responsible for the health, safety and welfare of the public
Interior content (including construction materials, furniture and furnishings) is a significant contributor to loss of life and property
Unregulated incremental change and modifications to interior content can profoundly affect life safety performance.
Interior designers as a profession need to be regulated and licensed to be accountable to the public.
Why Building Codes?
Goal is to protect public health and safety and general welfare
Provide the minimum level of standards
Increase in "strictness" as one moves from private to public
Becomes a law when enacted by the local, state, or national government
Vary slightly from one jurisdiction to another (therefore look to local codes of project location)

Local Codes include: Health Codes, Zoning Regulations, Historic Preservation Laws, and others
ashrae
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers
ada
Americans with Disabilities Act
astm
American Society for Testing Materials
Factors determine which codes to use:
Use and Occupancy Classification
Construction Types
Occupant Load
Means of Egress
Configuration and Size
Use and Occupancy Classification:
Based on the anticipated uses of a building
Occupancy (based on occupant -and content -related hazards and the life-safety characteristics of the building
Includes: number, density, age, and mobility of the occupants
Can consist of multiple occupancies in which case code may require fire separations with fire barrier walls or horizontal assemblies or both between occupancies with an hourly rating defined by code (one-hour to four-hour rating)
Construction Types:
Based on materials of construction and level of fire resistance by such materials
Buildings classified into one of five construction types(structural frame, interior and exterior bearing walls, floor and roof construction and exterior walls)
Type I and II must be constructed of noncombustible materials: Types III, IV and V are considered combustible: Generally, interior nonbearing walls require one-hour construction unless noted otherwise
Occupant Load:
The number of people the code assumes will occupy a building or portion of a building for egress purposesDependent on occupancy classification
Means of Egress:
Approach to determining a safe exiting system for all occupants to exit a building during an emergency and detailing the individual parts of the system to meet the requirements of the code
A continuous and unobstructed path of vertical and horizontal travel from any point in a building to a public way
Egress Components:
Exit Access
Exit
Exit Discharge
Exit Access
Portion of the means of egress that leads to the entrance to an exit
General most distant part of building from safety (rooms, spaces, aisle, hallways...)
Portion of the building where travel distance is measured and regulated
Exit
Portion of egress system that provides a protected path of egress between the exit access and the exit discharge
Exits are fully enclosed and protected from all other interior spaces by fire-resistance-rated construction with protected openings (doors, windows...)
Must have either a one-hour or two-hour rating
Exit Discharge
Portion of the egress system between the termination of an exit and a public way
Dead-End Corridors:
A corridor or exit path that has only one way to exit Generally limited to 20 feet
Arrangements of Exits:
When two exits or exit access doorways are required, they must be separated enough so that if one becomes blocked, the other is available for use
Nonsprinklered building ½diagonal rule
Sprinklered building 1/3diagonal rule
Common path of egress
Portion of an exit access that occupants are required to travel before either there is a choice of exits or two paths merge to become one
Measured from most remote point of room or area to the nearest point where more than one exit path is available
Must be included within the permitted travel distance
Travel distance
Distance measure in a straight line an occupant must travel from most remote point in occupied portions of the exit access to the entrance of the nearest exit
Based on occupancy and if there are sprinklers
The International Code Council (ICC)
Is an organization dedicated to building safety, fire prevention and energy efficiency. ICC develops codes such as the ibc and ifc
International Building Code (IBC)
Is a single coordinated set of national model building safety and fire prevention codes to safeguard public health and safetyPublished in 2000, recent version 2015Adopted by all 50 States
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
Provides requirements to establish a reasonable level of fire safety and property protection in new and existing buildings by providing and advocating Consensus Codes
Standards
Research
Training and Education
methenamine pill test (ASTM D2859)
Standard Test Method for Ignition Characteristics of Finished Textile Floor Covering
Materials administered by the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)
prescribes the standard for testing carpet flammability with a methenamine tablet
The Steiner Tunnel test(ASTM E-84)
"Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials"sample 20"x 25'placed in a tunnelSample exposed to gas jet flame 1,600 to 1,800 degreesFlame spread is observed every 15 seconds
Radiant Floor Panel Test:
samples of carpet are placed in a test chamber, with a radiant heat panel on topDistance that the sample burns is measuredCritical Radiant Flux (CRF) is measuredThe higher the CRF, the greater flame resistance
Material Safety Data Sheet
provides information about the physical and health hazards of a chemical product:
Chemical Components
Melting Point
Flash Point
Stability and Reactivity
Toxicological Information
Ecological Information
Disposal
Transport
Programming (Pre-Design Phase)
is the process of discovering the owner/client's requirements and desires for a project and setting them down in written, numerical, and graphic form

Information gathering
Analyzing and synthesizing
Documentation and Validation

Programming is problem seeking and design is problem solving
Schematic Design (SD)
is the development of graphic and written conceptual design solutions to the program for the owner/client's approval

Develop design concepts, including site design
Prepare schematic design documents
Apply sustainable design principles
Apply historic preservation principles
Prepare presentation materials (e.g., models, renderings, drawings)
Develop project phasing plans
Design Development (DD)
phase refines the scheme into the final design and draws attention to each aspect, each space and each detail of the project -including finalizing material selection

Prepare design development documents
Investigate and select building systems and materials
Meet with client to refine design and obtain approvals
Conduct or respond to a constructability review
Apply sustainable design principles
Contract Documents or Construction Document (CD)
Phase includes the written and graphic instructions used for construction of the project. These documents must be accurate, consistent, complete, and understandable.drawings that depict how to construct the project-convey design intent, material placement, and appearance

Prepare construction documents
Coordinate construction documents (e.g., architectural, structural, mechanical, civil, electrical)
Conduct quality control review of project documents
Apply sustainable design principles
Contract documents consist of
Construction Drawings
Specifications-a manual that covers materials and methods used for construction
Contracts that collectively form the guidelines for building the project

These documents serve several purposes:

Provide comprehensive instructions as to how the project should be constructed
Provide documentation to acquire bid and to obtain permits from local authorities
CLOSED or PROPRIETARY:
specific product from a specific manufacturer
OPEN or DESCRIPTIVE:
detail the requirements for material properties and workmanship
PERFORMANCE:
describe the required results; describes how the material is to perform without necessarily specifying the material; refers to an industry standard;
REFERENCE STANDARD:
based on requirements set by an accepted authority:
CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION INSTITUTE (CSI)
created the "MasterFormat"system
industry standard for specifications, estimates and product data
organizing information into discreet divisions
facilitates ease of locating information
Used in the U.S. and Canada
Organization based on facility requirements and associated activities

LEVELS: MasterFormat, SectionFormat, PageFormat
GreenSpec lists products that:
Made of recycled or salvaged content
Reduce the impact of construction
Save energy or water
Avoid toxic emissions
Promote healthy indoor spaces
Preserve natural resources
Applied Overlay Detailing
Traditional detailing method such as crown moldings and base moldings
Calls attention to a change in plane or materials
Conceals construction tolerances
Typically most cost effective because it requires less precision and craftsmanship
Explores concepts of applied ornament and rendered materials
Used to give scale to space by providing traditional base and cap
Butt-Joint Detailing
Tight construction tolerances
Typically more expensive than applied overlay detailing because skilled craftspeople are necessary to implement
Joints are often subtle and highlight machine-tooled precision
Craftsmanship is a critical element of the design statement
Differing material thicknesses must be accounted for
Explores concepts of continuity and contrast
Reveal Detailing
Provides relief to planar surface by introducing depth and shadows
Can create illusion of floating
Layering of materials and planes
Material thickness is often exposed
Explores concepts of honesty and integration, however implied integrity of the material may be illusory -i.e. veneers used because of cost considerations
Overlap Detailing
A build up of materials
Can conceal unfinished edges while creating depth in a space
Represents a change of materials in parallel, not perpendicular, planes
Can incorporate transparency
Explores concepts of transitions, depth, and planar shifts
Infill Detailing
Explores concept of separateness, compartmentalization, and organization
Highlights transitions Typically clean lines that can organize space or break space into more approachable scale
Can break up planar surfaces with a mixture of textures and sheens
Warping Detailing
Represents a change in planes, not of materials
Evoke a sense of weightlessness-where lines between floor, wall, and ceiling does not exist
Very contemporary approach
Often exploits modern technical advances: for example, plastics, bent wood forms, and "fish-scaling" of materials
Explores concepts of ambiguity, metamorphosis, continuity, and fluidity
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