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Micro

Terms in this set (159)

When humans manipulate the genes of microorganisms, the process is called _____.
genetic engineering
Which of the following is not considered a microorganism?
Mosquito
All microorganisms are best defined as organisms that ________.
are too small to be seen with the unaided eye
Which activity is an example of biotechnology?
escherichia coli producing human insulin
Living things ordinarily too small to be seen with the unaided eye are termed _____.
microorganisms
The microorganisms that recycle nutrients by breaking down dead matter and wastes are called _____.
decomposers
Cells, like bacteria and archaea, that do not have a nucleus in their cells have traditionally been called _____.
prokaryotes
The first cells appeared about ______ billion years ago.
3.8
Which of the following is not a human use of microorganisms?
Manufacturing copper wire
Using microbes to detoxify a site contaminated with heavy metals is an example of _____.
bioremediation
Disease-causing microorganisms are called _____.
pathogens
The most prevalent worldwide infectious diseases are _____.
respiratory diseases
Which of the following is a unique characteristic of viruses that distinguishes them from the other major groups of microorganisms?
Lack cell structure
Helminths are _____.
parasitic worms
Which group of microorganisms is composed only of hereditary material wrapped in a protein covering?
Viruses
Which statement correctly compares the sizes of different microorganisms?
Bacteria are larger than viruses
The Dutch merchant who made and used quality magnifying lenses to see and record microorganisms was _____.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Koch's postulates are criteria used to establish that
a specific microbe is the cause of a specific disease.
The surgeon who advocated using disinfectants on hands and in the air prior to surgery was _____.
Joseph Lister
Sterility refers to
having an absence of any life forms and viral particles.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of bacteria?
Its DNA is wrapped around histones.
The two functions of bacterial appendages are ________.
attachment and motility
Bacterial cells could have any of the following appendages except _____.
cilia
A flagellum is anchored into the bacterial cell envelope by its _____.
basal body
The term that refers to the presence of flagella over the cell surface is _____.
peritrichous
The term that refers to the presence of a tuft of flagella emerging from the same site is _____.
lophotrichous
The term that refers to flagella at both poles is _____.
amphitrichous
Chemotaxis refers to the ability to ________.
move in response to a chemical
What three components comprise the flagellum, extending from the cytoplasm to the exterior of the cell?
Basal body, hook, filament
Movement of a cell toward a chemical stimulus is termed _____.
positive chemotaxis
The short, numerous appendages used by some bacterial cells for adhering to surfaces are called _____.
fimbriae
The transfer of genes during bacterial conjugation involves rigid, tubular appendages called _____.
sex pili
Which structure protects bacteria from being phagocytized by white blood cells?
Capsule
The outcome of the Gram stain is based on differences in the cell's _____.
wall
Which order below reflects the correct procedure for Gram staining?
Crystal violet-iodine-alcohol/acetone-safranin
The cell _______ can be composed of three layers: the cytoplasmic membrane, the cell wall, and the outer membrane.
envelope
During the Gram stain, _____ cells decolorize when the alcohol is applied.
gram-negative
Peptidoglycan is a unique macromolecule found in bacterial _____.
cell walls
A bacterial cell wall that has primarily peptidoglycan with small amounts of teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid is _____.
gram-positive
The _____ stain is used to stain and differentiate Mycobacterium and Nocardia from other bacteria.
acid-fast
The integument includes all of the following except ________.
surface capillaries
Blood vessels are found in the ________.
dermis and subcutaneous layer
Blisters ________.
result from a separation of epidermis from dermis
What material in skin cells provides protection from abrasions, water damage, and microorganism entry?
Keratin
What group of microorganisms do not usually call the skin "home"?
Escherichia
What enzyme is not found in Staphylococcus epidermidis but is found in Staphylococcus aureus?
Coagulase
All species of Staphylococcus ________.
lack spores
The enzyme that coagulates plasma is ________.
coagulase
All Staphylococci can be differentiated from all Streptococci because only Staphylococci produce the enzyme _______ that is easily detected in the lab.
catalase
Which of the following is the most common form of microbe transmission in impetigo?
Direct contact
Impetigo is caused by ________.
both Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes
The toxin of Staphylococcus aureus strains that causes blisters and desquamation of skin in scalded skin syndrome is ________.
exfoliative toxin
Infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus include all of the following except ________.
acne
Streptococcus pyogenes causes all of the following except ________.
scalded skin syndrome
Which of the following is not true of cellulitis?
Occurs in the epidermis
Which of the following is not true of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS)?
Split in skin occurs between the dermis and epidermis
The smallpox vaccine uses the _____ virus.
vaccinia
Oral lesions called Koplik's spots are seen in patients with ________.
measles (rubeola)
Which is incorrect about the MMR immunization?
Contains toxoids
Measles is described as a ______ skin lesion.
maculopapular
Cerebrospinal fluid is found in the ________.
subarachnoid space
Place the following in order from skull to brain: 1) subarachnoid space; 2) arachnoid mater; 3) dura mater; 4) pia mater.
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, pia mater
The concept of "immunologically privileged" explains why the CNS ________.
has a reduced immune response compared to the rest of the body
Which type of neuroglia has phagocytic capabilities in the CNS?
Microglial cells
What brain defense restricts substances from entering the brain by the vascular system?
Blood-brain barrier
The normal biota of the CNS consists of ________.
The CNS has no normal biota.
Meningococcemia is ________.
All of the choices are correct.
All of the following pertain to Neisseria meningitidis except ________.
common cause of bacterial pneumonia
Which of the following is a sign of meningitis?
All of the choices are correct.
Meningococci initially colonize the ________.
nasopharynx
Neisseria meningitidis is transmitted by ________.
close contact
Treatment for Neisseria meningitidis consists of ________.
penicillin G intravenously
Which of the following is not true of Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Responds well to penicillin
The virulence of Haemophilus influenzae serotype b is associated with its ________.
capsule
Prophylactic rifampin is indicated for individuals in close contact with patients infected by ________.
Neisseria menigitidis
Each of the following is true for Listeria monocytogenes except ________.
fastidious
Which organism is a common cause of meningitis in AIDS patients and can be found in bird droppings?
Cryptococcus neoformans
Cryptococcus neoformans is a ________.
fungus
Agricultural workers and field archaeologists are exposed to this organism, which, although entering via the respiratory tract, can cause meningitis.
Coccidioides immitis
Arthrospores of Coccidioides immitis develop into _______ that will release endospores into the lungs.
spherules
The fibrous sac that encloses the heart is the ________.
pericardium
The presence of viruses in the blood is called ________.
viremia
________ occurs when bacteria flourish and grow in the bloodstream.
Septicemia
The common causative agent of acute endocarditis is ________.
All of the choices are correct.
Acute endocarditis is most commonly contracted through ________.
parenteral entry
Most cases of septicemia are caused by ________.
bacteria
Which of the following is not true of septicemia?
Respiratory acidosis
Yersinia pestis ________.
is usually transmitted by a flea vector
Which is incorrect about Yersinia pestis?
Produces enterotoxin
Bubonic plague is transmitted by _________.
fleas
Control of rodent populations is important for preventing _________.
plague
Which is not associated with tularemia?
A gram-positive bacterium
Rabbits and small rodents are the reservoirs of the causative agent of ________.
tularemia
The causative agent of Lyme disease is ________.
Borrelia burgdorferi
Erythema migrans, a bull's-eye rash, at the portal of entry is associated with ________.
Lyme disease
The white-footed mouse, deer, and deer ticks are important to maintaining the transmission cycle associated with ________.
Lyme disease
Lyme disease is transmitted by ________.
ticks
Which of the following requires direct contact with infected body fluids?
Lassa fever
Which of the following is a hemorrhagic fever?
Yellow fever
Yellow fever and dengue fever are ________.
All of the choices are correct.
Which of the following is not part of the upper respiratory tract?
Trachea
Which of the following is not part of the lower respiratory system?
Sinuses
What features of the respiratory system protect us from infection?
All of the choices are correct.
Which antibody is concentrated in the respiratory tract?
IgA
Normal biota of the upper respiratory tract include ________.
All of the choices are correct.
Normal biota of the lower respiratory tract include ________.
None of the choices are correct.
The most common type of virus leading to rhinitis is ________.
rhinovirus
Cold viruses are transmitted by ________.
droplet contact and indirect contact
The most common mode of transmission for sinusitis is ________.
endogenous
Infection travels to the middle ear by way of the ________.
eustachian (auditory) tubes
The most common causative agent of otitis media is ________.
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcal pharyngitis involves all of the following except ________.
it is viral in origin
The bright red rash and fever of scarlet fever are due to ________.
erythrogenic toxin
Rheumatic fever is caused by ________.
an immunological cross-reaction in which anti-streptococcal antibodies target the heart
Untreated streptococcal pharyngitis can lead to all of the following except ________.
pertussis
Virulence factors of Streptococcus pyogenes include ________.
All of the choices are correct.
Which of the following is not true of Streptococcus pyogenes?
Forms spores
Formation of a pseudomembrane in the back of the throat is seen in ________.
diphtheria
Which of the following pertains to diphtheria?
Prevented by the DTaP immunization
Defenses of the GI tract against pathogens include ________.
All of the choices are correct.
The mucinous glycoprotein covering teeth that streptococci attach to is called the ________.
pellicle
Which organ of the GI tract has a large commensal population of microorganisms?
Large intestine
The most common infectious disease in humans is ________.
dental caries
The predominant causative organism of dental caries seem to be ________.
Streptococcus mutans
The causative organism for mumps is ________.
Paramyxovirus
The virulence factor for mumps is ________.
spike-induced syncytium
Orchitis and epididymitis are seen in young adult males as a complication of ________.
mumps
Helicobacter pylori causes ________.
All of the choices are correct.
Which of the following is mismatched?
All of the choices are correct.
Salmonella are ________.
motile
Which of the following statements describes the main virulence factor of E. coli O157:H7?
A bacteriophage-encoded exotoxin
All of the following are characteristics of Campylobacter jejuni except it ________.
infects the stomach
The most common bacterial cause of diarrhea in the United States is ________.
Campylobacter
Production of enterotoxin is a characteristic of ________.
Clostridium difficile
The virulence of Vibrio cholerae is due to its ________.
enterotoxin
Cholera symptoms include ________.
All of the choices are correct.
The most immediate and important treatment needed to prevent death in cholera victims is ________.
water and electrolyte replacement
"Rice-water stools" are associated with disease caused by which organism?
Vibrio cholerae
Outbreaks of which disease have been associated with fecal-contaminated drinking water?
Cryptosporidiosis
Which of the following is not a defense of the genitourinary tract?
IgG
Normal biota of the urethra include all of the following except ________.
Escherichia coli
The predominant microorganism in the female reproductive tract during childbearing years is ________.
Lactobacillus
The most common causative agent of urinary tract infections is ________.
Escherichia coli
All of the following are signs and symptoms of urinary tract infections except ________.
diarrhea
Which of the following organisms causes urinary tract infections?
Proteus mirabilis
Infection of the urinary bladder is called ________.
cystitis
The most common mode of disease transmission in UTIs is ________.
endogenous transfer
The best prevention for UTIs is ________.
hygiene
Infected animals shed Leptospira interrogans in their ________.
urine
Leptospirosis ________.
can be contracted from the environment
Trichomonas vaginalis ________.
All of the choices are correct.
The most common cause of vaginitis is ________.
Candida albicans
Candida albicans is a ________.
fungus
Trichomonas vaginalis is a ________.
protozoan
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is ________.
All of the choices are correct.
The primary virulence factor of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is ________.
fimbriae
Pelvic inflammatory disease results from infection of the ________.
Both fallopian tubes and ovaries are correct.
The leading cause of pelvic inflammatory disease is ________.
chlamydia
Pelvic inflammatory disease often leads to ________.
infertility
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