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Terms in this set (101)
Temporal Bone
Location: Skull
Description: Paired, irregular-shaped, flat bone; Consists of squamous, petrous, mastoid, and tympanic parts
Comments:
Forms part of lateral skull (temple)
Forms inferior and lateral walls of middle cranial fossa
Articulates with sphenoid bone at sphenosquamosal suture, occipital bone at lambdoid suture, and parietal bone at squamosal suture
Has mandibular fossa that forms temporomandibular joint with head of mandible
Forms zygomatic process that forms zygomatic arch with temporal process of zygomatic bone
Location: Skull
Description: Paired, irregular-shaped, flat bone; Consists of squamous, petrous, mastoid, and tympanic parts
Comments:
Forms part of lateral skull (temple)
Forms inferior and lateral walls of middle cranial fossa
Articulates with sphenoid bone at sphenosquamosal suture, occipital bone at lambdoid suture, and parietal bone at squamosal suture
Has mandibular fossa that forms temporomandibular joint with head of mandible
Forms zygomatic process that forms zygomatic arch with temporal process of zygomatic bone
Cervical vertebrae
Location: Neck; Between occipital bone and T1 vertebra
Description: Seven individual vertebrae; Characteristic features include transverse foramen and bifid (split) spinous process on C3-C6
Comment: Atlas (C1 vertebra) articulates with skullWhat is thisLocation: Between vertebral bodies (C2 to S1)
Description:
Outer part: anulus fibrosis consisting of a fibrocartilage ring
Inner part: nucleus pulposus composed of mucoid material
Comment: No disk between atlas (C1 vertebra) and axis (C2 vertebra)intervetebral discsSpinous process of cervical vertebrae
Location: Vertebrae (posterior aspect)
Description: Unpaired, posterior projection from midline of vertebral arch; Usually bifid
Comments: Spinous process present on all vertebrae except the atlas (C1 vertebra) and coccygeal vertebrae; Provides attachment for muscles and ligaments; Latin: bifid = cleft in two partsWhat is thisClavicle
Location: Junction of neck and anterior thorax
Description: Subcutaneous, S-shaped bone; Medial end articulates with sternum at sternoclavicular joint; Lateral end articulates with acromion of scapula at acromioclavicular joint
Also known as: "Collar bone"What is thisManubrium
Location: Sternum
Description: Triangular shape; Superior part of sternum; Articulates with costal cartilages of ribs 1-2 and clavicles
Comment: Provides attachment for sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis major musclesWhat is thisRib 1
Location: Thorax
Description: A true rib (shortest); Articulates with T1 vertebra and, via its costal cartilage, with manubrium of sternum; Subclavian artery and vein groove superior surface
Comments:
All ribs: articulate with thoracic vertebra
True ribs (ribs 1-7): attached directly to sternum by costal cartilages
False ribs (ribs 8-10): attach indirectly to sternum via shared costal cartilages
Floating ribs (ribs 11-12): not attached to sternum
Alternate definition: some include the floating ribs (11-12) as a subcategory of false ribsWhat is thisLocation:
Nasal cavity
Description:
Irregular-shaped bone
Characteristic features include cribriform plate, crista galli, and perpendicular plate
Comment:
Contributes to anterior cranial fossa, nasal cavity, and orbit
Contains numerous sinuses (air cells)What is thisCrista galli
Location:
Ethmoid bone
Description:
Triangular process that projects superiorly from cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
Comment:
Contributes to anterior midline portion of anterior cranial fossa
Anterior point of attachment for falx cerebriWhat is thisCribiform Plate
Location:
Ethmoid bone
Description:
Bony plate with foramina (holes) that transmit olfactory nerves (CN I)
Comment:
Contributes to anterior midline portion of anterior cranial fossaWhat is thisEthmoidal Cells
Location:
Ethmoid bone
Description:
Paired, thin-walled, mucous membrane-lined cavities
Clustered into anterior, middle, and posterior cells
One of paranasal air sinuses
Also known as:
Ethmoidal air cells
Ethmoid sinus
Comment:
Posterior ethmoidal cells open into superior nasal meatus
Anterior and middle ethmoidal cells open into middle nasal meatus
Paranasal sinuses include: frontal, maxillary, and sphenoidal sinuses, and ethmoidal cells (sinus)What is thisOrbital plate of Ethmoid bone
Location:
Ethmoid bone (lateral surface)
Orbit (medial wall)
Description:
Thin-walled, smooth lateral surface of ethmoid
Forms large part of medial wall of orbit
Covers middle and posterior ethmoidal air cells
Also known as:
Lamina papyracea
Comment:
Medial wall of orbit formed by ethmoid (orbit plate), frontal (orbital surface), and lacrimal bones, and lesser wing of sphenoidWhat is thisMiddle nasal Concha
Location:
Nasal cavity (lateral wall)
Description:
Shelf-like projection of bone
Covered by thick mucosa
Part of ethmoid bone
Function:
Increases surface area of nasal cavity
Warms, filters, humidifies inhaled airWhat is thisPerpendicular Plate of Ethmoid
Location:
Ethmoid bone
Description:
Thin, vertical projection of ethmoid in nasal cavity
Comment:
Forms superior part of nasal septum
Articulates with vomer and nasal septal cartilageWhat is thisSuperior orbital fissure
Location:
Orbit (posterior)
Middle cranial fossa
Description:
Oblique fissure
Bordered by body, greater wing, and lesser wing of sphenoid, and frontal bone (orbital surface)
Function:
Connects orbit with middle cranial fossa
Transmits oculomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV), and abducens (CN VI) nerves, branches of ophthalmic nerve (CN V1), and ophthalmic veinsWhat is this?Sella Turcica
Location:
Sphenoid bone
Description:
Prominent depression on sphenoid body in middle cranial fossa
Formed by tuberculum sellae (anteriorly), hypophysial fossa (central), and dorsum sellae and posterior clinoid processes (posteriorly)
Contains pituitary gland in hypophysial fossa
Comment:
Latin: sella = saddle, turcica = TurkishWhat is this?Optical Canal Foramen
Location:
Orbit (posterior)
Middle cranial fossa
Description:
Short canal
Function:
Connects orbit with middle cranial fossa
Transmits optic nerve (CN II) and ophthalmic arteryWhat is this?Foramen Rotundum
- horizontal canal, connects middle cranial fossa with pterygopalatine fossaWhat is thisForamen Spinosum
-round hole
- superior opening in middle cranial fossa
- inferior opening in infraternporal fossaWhat is this?Foramen Ovale
- oval-shaped hole
- superior opening in middle cranial fossa
- inferior opening in infraternporal fossaWhat is this?Palatine bone
-skull inferior view
- L shaped bone
- Forms posterior portion of hard palateWhat is thisZygomatic Bone "cheekbone"
- skull, (anterior and lateral) ; inferior view
- paired irregular shaped bone
- temporal process contributes to zygomatic arhWhat is this?Foramen Magnum
Location:
Occipital bone
Description:
Large opening in inferior part of posterior cranial fossa
Comment:
Traversed by spinal root of accessory nerve (CN XI), and vertebral and spinal arteries
Brainstem and spinal cord continuous through this openingWhat is thisMaxillary sinus
Location:
Maxilla (upper jaw)
Lateral to nasal cavity and inferior to orbit
Description:
Paired, mucous membrane-lined cavity
Largest paranasal air sinus
Comment:
Drains into middle nasal meatus
Common site of sinus infection
Contributes to voice resonance
Paranasal sinuses include: frontal, maxillary, and sphenoidal sinuses, and ethmoidal cells (sinus)What is this?Atlanto-occipital joint
(skull- anterior-posterior view)
Location:
Between atlas (C1 vertebra) and occipital bone
Description:
Formed by superior articular facet of atlas (C1 vertebra) and occipital condyle of occipital bone
Surrounded by fibrous capsule
Comment:
Primary movement of atlanto-occipital joint is flexion-extension of head (e.g., nodding "yes")
Rotation of head does NOT occur at this jointWhat is this?Coronal Suture
Description:
Joint between frontal and parietal bonesWhat is thisDental filling
- used for restoration of dental cariesWhat is thisFrontal Sinus
Description:
Paired, mucous membrane-lined cavity
One of paranasal air sinuses
Comment:
Drains into middle nasal meatus via frontonasal duct
Common site of sinus infection
Contributes to voice resonance
Paranasal sinuses include: frontal, maxillary, and sphenoidal sinuses, and ethmoidal cells (sinus)What is this?Inferior nasal concha
Location:
Nasal cavity (lateral wall)
Description:
Shelf-like projection of bone
Covered by thick mucosa
Articulates with ethmoid bone
Function:
Increases surface area of nasal cavity
Warms, filters, humidifies inhaled air
Comment:
Superior and middle nasal conchae are part of ethmoid bone while inferior nasal concha is a separate boneWhat is thisMaxillary Sinus
Location:
Maxilla (upper jaw)
Lateral to nasal cavity and inferior to orbit
Description:
Paired, mucous membrane-lined cavity
Largest paranasal air sinus
Comment:
Drains into middle nasal meatus
Common site of sinus infection
Contributes to voice resonance
Paranasal sinuses include: frontal, maxillary, and sphenoidal sinuses, and ethmoidal cells (sinusWhat is this?Lambdoid Suture
Location:
Skull (posterior)
Description:
Joint between parietal and occipital bonesWhat is thisMiddle Nasal Concha
Location:
Nasal cavity (lateral wall)
Description:
Shelf-like projection of bone
Covered by thick mucosa
Part of ethmoid bone
Function:
Increases surface area of nasal cavity
Warms, filters, humidifies inhaled airWhat is this?Nasal Septum
Location:
Nasal cavity (midline)
Description:
Midline structure formed by perpendicular plate of ethmoid, vomer, and nasal septal cartilage
Covered on each side by mucosa
Comment:
Commonly deviated from midline, impacting airflowWhat is thisSagittal Suture
Location : skull (superior)
Description: joint between parietal bonesWhat is thisSphenoidal Sinus
Location: shenoid bone
Description: Paired, mucous membrane-lined cavity
Comment:
Drains into spheno-ethmoidal recess of nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses include: frontal, maxillary, and sphenoidal sinuses, and ethmoidal cells (sinus)What is this?Supraorbital margin
Location:
Frontal bone
Description:
Edge of frontal bone that forms anterior, superior rim of orbit
Comment:
Contains supraorbital notch/foramen, through which the supraorbital nerve, artery, and vein passWhat is this?Atlas
Location:
Neck
Between occipital bone and axis (C2 vertebra)
Description:
Ring-shaped vertebra
Characteristic features include transverse foramen
Lacks vertebral body, spinous process, or lamina
Also known as:
C1 vertebra
Comment:
Articulates with skull (occipital bone)
No intervertebral disk between C1 vertebra and occipital boneWhat is this?Axis
Location:
Neck
Between atlas (C1 vertebra) and C3 vertebra
Description:
Characteristic features include transverse foramen, bifid (split) spinous process, and dens (prominent superior projection from body)
Also known as:
C2 vertebraWhat is this?Body of cervical vertebra
Location:
Vertebra (anterior aspect)
Description:
Oval ventral portion
Forms ventral wall of vertebral canal
Comment:
Supports body weight
Atlas (C1 vertebra) does not have a vertebral body
Progressive increase in size from superior to inferiorWhat is thisDens
Location:
Axis (C2 vertebra)
Description:
Prominent, finger-like projection from superior aspect of body of axis (C2 vertebra)
Also known as:
Odontoid process
Comment:
Represents body of atlas (C1 vertebra)
No other vertebra has a densWhat is thisExternal acoustic meatus
Location:
Temporal bone (tympanic part)
Description:
Short canal (2.5 cm in length) of external ear
Lateral 1/3 is cartilaginous
Medial 2/3 is bony
Ends at tympanic membraneWhat is thisExternal occipital protuberance
Location:
Occipital bone (posterior midline)
Description:
Prominent elevation on external surface
Comment:
Provides attachment for nuchal ligamentWhat is thisFrontal sinus
Location:
Frontal bone
Superior to orbit
Description:
Paired, mucous membrane-lined cavity
One of paranasal air sinuses
Comment:
Drains into middle nasal meatus via frontonasal duct
Common site of sinus infection
Contributes to voice resonance
Paranasal sinuses include: frontal, maxillary, and sphenoidal sinuses, and ethmoidal cells (sinus)What is thisHyoid bone
Location:
Anterior neck
Between thyroid cartilage and mandible
Description:
U-shaped bone
Paired projections (greater and lesser horns) on each side
Comment:
Attached structures include stylohyoid ligament, suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles, and extrinsic tongue muscles
Does not articulate with any other boneWhat is thisIntervertebral disc
Location:
Between vertebral bodies (C2 to S1)
Description:
Outer part: anulus fibrosis consisting of a fibrocartilage ring
Inner part: nucleus pulposus composed of mucoid material
Comment:
No disk between atlas (C1 vertebra) and axis (C2 vertebra)What is thisMandible
Location:
Skull (anterior)
Description:
U-shaped bone
Each side consists of body (horizontal) and ramus (vertical) with coronoid and condylar processes
Mental protuberance forms point of chin
Contains alveoli ("sockets") for teeth
Also known as:
"Lower jaw"
Comment:
Contributes to temporomandibular joint (TMJ)What is thisMaxillary sinus
Location:
Maxilla (upper jaw)
Lateral to nasal cavity and inferior to orbit
Description:
Paired, mucous membrane-lined cavity
Largest paranasal air sinus
Comment:
Drains into middle nasal meatus
Common site of sinus infection
Contributes to voice resonance
Paranasal sinuses include: frontal, maxillary, and sphenoidal sinuses, and ethmoidal cells (sinus)What is thisSphenoidal sinus
Location:
Sphenoid bone
Description:
Paired, mucous membrane-lined cavity
Comment:
Drains into spheno-ethmoidal recess of nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses include: frontal, maxillary, and sphenoidal sinuses, and ethmoidal cells (sinus)What is thisSpinous process of cervical vertebra
Location:
Vertebrae (posterior aspect)
Description:
Unpaired, posterior projection from midline of vertebral arch
Usually bifid
Comment:
Spinous process present on all vertebrae except the atlas (C1 vertebra) and coccygeal vertebrae
Provides attachment for muscles and ligaments
Latin: bifid = cleft in two partsWhat is thisBrain is divided into 4 regions: cerebrum and cerebellum, and the deeper lying diencephalon and brainstem.
Cerebrum: two large hemispheres each with 5 lobes (frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, insular)
Seat of intelligence: responsible for information processing, language, personality, conscience
Surfaces are distinguished by thick folds: gyri which are separated by grooves: sulci
Cerebellum: composed of 2 hemispheres with many folds
Coordinates motor activities
o Diencephalon: composed of thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
Thalamus: major processing and relay center for information entering the cerebral hemispheres
Hypothalamus: ventral to thalamus
Major role in homeostasis: regulates body temp, food and water intake, sleep and circadian rhythms, emotional responses and memory
Epithalamus: dorsal to the thalamus
Has two parts: pineal gland and habenula
Pineal gland: endocrine organ
Habenula: relay center between midbrain and limbic system
Brainstem: vertically oriented stalk
Located between diencephalon and spinal cord
Divided into midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
Midbrain: most rostral, visual/auditory reflexes
Pons: caudal to midbrain, anterior bulge, numerous ascending and descending fiber trains
Cerebellar hemispheres are attached to the pons
Medulla oblongata: extends from pons to foramen magnum, continuous with spinal cord.
All nerve fibers traveling between brain and spinal cord pass through the medulla oblongata
Contains nuclei that aid in physiological functions: respiration, blood pressure, heartbeatCranial Cavity- Divisions of the brain (animation)Connective tissue that protect the brain and spinal cord
Superficial to deep: dura mater → arachnoid mater → pia mater
Dura mater: two sub-layers
Periosteal layer: adherent to inner surface of the skull
Meningeal layer: inner portion
In some areas, folds inward to divide and support major parts of the brain
Dural venous sinuses: formed at sites where the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura split; collect venous blood from the brain
Arachnoid mater: composed of a thin, transparent membrane that is in direct contact with the overlying dura
Includes web-like extensions that stretch inward to reach the pia mater
Subarachnoid space: space between arachnoid mater and pia mater; filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Pia mater: delicate layer of connective tissue
Directly on surface of brain and spinal cord and follows all of their surface contoursWhat is thisAnimation - Meninges and
Vasculature through BrainCardiovascular: Vertebral Artery
Origin:
Subclavian
Course:
Paired vessel ascends through neck, via transverse foramina in cervical vertebrae
Enters cranial cavity via foramen magnum
Distribution:
Brain
Spinal cord
Vertebral column
Branches:
Posterior inferior cerebellar
Spinal arteries
Continues as basilar artery (formed by union of right and left vertebral arteries)What is thisCardiovascular: Basilar ArteryWhat is thisCardiovascular: Posterior Cerebral ArteryWhat is this?Cardiovascular: Posterior communicating arteryWhat is thisCardiovascular: Internal CarotidWhat is this?Cardiovascular: Middle cerebral arteryWhat is this?Cardiovascular: Anterior Cerebral ArteryWhat is this?Cardiovascular: Anterior communicating arteryWhat is thisCardiovascular: Cerebral arterial circle (Circle of Willis)What is thisCranial Nerves: CN I - Olfactory
Layer 3: Olfactory N.
Location:
Mucosa of anterosuperior nasal cavity (olfactory epithelium)
Anterior cranial fossa
Composition:
Special sensation
Special sensation:
Olfaction (smell)
CNS connection:
Olfactory bulb
Cranial foramina:
Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
Comment:
Special sensation includes smell, vision, taste, hearing, and balance
Olfactory nerve formed by proximal process (axons) of olfactory neurons
Olfactory axons project through cribriform plate to synapse in olfactory bulb
Olfactory nerve aka CN IWhich nerve is this?Cranial Nerves: CN I - Olfactory
Layer 4: Olfactory N.
Location:
Mucosa of anterosuperior nasal cavity (olfactory epithelium)
Anterior cranial fossa
Composition:
Special sensation
Special sensation:
Olfaction (smell)
CNS connection:
Olfactory bulb
Cranial foramina:
Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
Comment:
Special sensation includes smell, vision, taste, hearing, and balance
Olfactory nerve formed by proximal process (axons) of olfactory neurons
Olfactory axons project through cribriform plate to synapse in olfactory bulb
Olfactory nerve aka CN IWhich nerve is this?Cranial Nerves: CN I - Olfactory
Layer 4: Olfactory tract
Location:
Ventral aspect of frontal lobe
Between olfactory bulb and medial aspect of temporal lobe
Description:
Bundles of afferent and efferent axonsWhat is this?Cranial Nerve VI-Abducens Layer 3
Location:
Middle cranial fossa
Orbit
Composition:
Motor
Motor:
Lateral rectus muscle
CNS connection:
Pons (abducens nucleus)
Cranial foramina:
Superior orbital fissure
Comment:
Abducens nerve also known as abducent nerve or CN VIWhich nerve is this?Cranial Nerve VI-Abducens Layer 4
Location:
Middle cranial fossa
Orbit
Composition:
Motor
Motor:
Lateral rectus muscle
CNS connection:
Pons (abducens nucleus)
Cranial foramina:
Superior orbital fissure
Comment:
Abducens nerve also known as abducent nerve or CN VIWhich nerve is this?CN VII - Facial
Location:
Posterior cranial fossa
Facial canal
Middle ear
Face
Infratemporal fossa
Oral cavity
Composition:
Motor
General sensation
Special sensation
Parasympathetic
Motor:
Muscles of facial expression
Posterior belly of digastric muscle
Stylohyoid muscle
Stapedius muscle
General sensation:
Small area of skin of auricle of ear
Special sensation:
Taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue
Taste from palate
Parasympathetic:
Lacrimal gland
Submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
Mucous glands of nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and palate
CNS connection:
Motor: pons (motor nucleus of facial nerve)
General sensation: medulla oblongata (spinal trigeminal nucleus)
Special sensation: medulla oblongata (nucleus of solitary tract)
Parasympathetic: medulla oblongata (superior salivatory nucleus
Sensory ganglion:
Geniculate
Cranial foramina:
Internal acoustic meatus
Pterygomaxillary fissure
Stylomastoid foramen
Also known as:
CN VII
Comment:
Special sensory and parasympathetic axons, together, form the chorda tympani nerve
Postganglionic parasympathetic nerve cell bodies located in pterygopalatine and submandibular gangliaWhich nerve is this?CN VIII - Vestibulocochlear: Layer 4: VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE
Location: Posterior cranial fossa, petrous portion of temporal bone
Composition: Special sensation
Special sensation: Hearing (cochlea), Balance (semicircular canals and vestibule)
Sensory ganglion: Cochlear (spiral) ganglion (cochlear part of CN VIII), Vestibular ganglion (vestibular part of CN VIII)
CNS connection: Pons (vestibular nuclei), Medulla oblongata (cochlear and vestibular nuclei)
Cranial foramina: Internal acoustic meatus
Comment:
Special sensation includes smell, vision, taste, hearing, and balance
Vestibulocochlear nerve has two distinct functional components: vestibular (balance) and cochlear (hearing)
Vestibulocochlear nerve also known as CN VIIIWhich nerve is this?Cranial Nerves: CN IX - Glossopharyngeal: Layer 3
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Location:
Posterior cranial fossa
Neck
Composition:
Motor
General sensation
Special sensation
Parasympathetic
Motor:
Stylopharyngeus muscle
General sensation:
From middle ear, posterior 1/3 of tongue, and pharynx
Special sensation:
Taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue
Sensory ganglion:
Superior and inferior ganglia of glossopharyngeal nerve
Parasympathetic:
Parotid gland
CNS connection:
Motor: medulla oblongata (nucleus ambiguus)
General sensation: medulla oblongata (spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve)
Special sensation: medulla oblongata (nucleus of solitary tract)
Parasympathetic: medulla oblongata (inferior salivatory nucleus)
Cranial foramina:
Jugular foramen
Comment:
Has two sensory ganglia (superior and inferior) on nerve in jugular foramen
Glossopharyngeal nerve also conducts visceral afferent (sensory) impulses from carotid sinus (monitors blood pressure) and carotid body (monitors blood oxygen and carbon dioxide)
Postganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies located in otic ganglion in infratemporal fossa
Glossopharyngeal nerve also known as CN IXWhich nerve is this?Dissection: Cranial Nerves: CN X - Vagus
Location:
Posterior cranial fossa, head, neck, thorax, abdomen
Composition:
Motor, general sensation, special sensation, parasympathetic
Motor:
Muscles of palate, muscles of pharynx, intrinsic muscles of larynx
General sensation:
Thoracic and abdominal viscera, Epiglottis and laryngopharynx, External acoustic meatus
Special sensation:
Taste from epiglottis and surrounding region
Parasympathetic:
Mucous glands of respiratory and digestive systems in neck (pharynx and larynx), thorax, and abdomen
Smooth muscle of respiratory and digestive systems in neck (pharynx and larynx), thorax, and abdomen
Cardiac muscle
CNS connection:
Motor: medulla oblongata (nucleus ambiguus)
General sensation: medulla oblongata (spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve)
Special sensation: medulla oblongata (nucleus of solitary tract)
Parasympathetic: medulla oblongata (dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve)
Cranial foramina:
Jugular foramen
Comment:
General sensation from thoracic and abdominal viscera only involves stretch (e.g., distention of stomach)
General sensation from epiglottis and laryngopharynx includes pain, touch, and temperature
Vagus nerve also innervates carotid and aortic bodies
Parasympathetic impulses from CNS to effector organ involve two neurons in series (preganglionic and postganglionic)
Only cranial nerve that extends beyond head and neck
Vagus nerve also known as CN XWhich nerve is this?Dissection: Cranial Nerves: CN XI - Accessory
Location:
· Vertebral canal (spinal root only), Posterior cranial fossa, Neck
Composition:
· Motor
Motor:
· Cranial part: joins vagus nerve (CN X) to distribute to muscles of palate (except tensor veli palatini), pharynx (except stylopharyngeus), and larynx (intrinsic muscles)
· Spinal part: trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
CNS connection:
· Cranial root: medulla oblongata (nucleus ambiguous)
· Spinal root: ventral horn of C1-4 spinal cord
Cranial foramina:
· Foramen magnum (spinal root only)
· Jugular foramen
Comment:
· Cranial and spinal roots unite in jugular foramen to form accessory nerve
· Cranial part of accessory nerve joins vagus nerve (CN X) and is distributed along its branches to muscles of palate, pharynx, and larynx
· Accessory nerve also known as CN XIWhich nerve is this?Dissection: Cranial Nerves: CN XII - Hypoglossal
Location:
Posterior cranial fossa
Neck
Oral cavity
Composition:
motor
Motor:
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
Intrinsic muscles of tongue
CNS connection:
Medulla oblongata (nucleus of hypoglossal nerve)
Cranial foramina:
Hypoglossal canal
Comment:
Hypoglossal nerve innervates all tongue muscles except palatoglossus (vagus nerve)
Intrinsic tongue muscles originate & inset within tongue
Hypoglossal nerve also known as CN XIIWhich nerve is this?Animation notes
8 cranial bones: surround and protect the brain
14 facial bones: form underlying structure of the face and support the teeth
Bones on the surface of skull (parietal, frontal, temporal, occipital, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, nasal: encase the brain, serve as attachment sites for the muscles of the head and neck, protect sensory organs
With the exception of the mandible, the bones of the skulls articulate with each other through joints known as sutures
Throughout the skull, holes known as foramina serve as passageways for blood vessels and nerves
Sphenoid bone: makes up anterior base of the cranium, butterfly shape with central body and two pairs of laterally projecting wings
o Wings form portion of orbit
o Body has depression: sella turcica which houses pituitary gland
Ethmoid bone: located between orbits, makes up a portion of the cranial floor and roof of nasal cavity
Perpendicular plate: inferior projection of ethmoid bone that forms the nasal septum
Crista galli: projects superiorly from the ethmoid bone and serves as an attachment point for the falx cerebri (dural fold)
Cribriform plate: extends laterally from the crista galli; perforated area through which olfactory nerves pass
Palatine bones: two L-shaped bones that form the posterior third of the hard palate, part of the nasal cavity, and a portion of the orbit
Lacrimal bones: small, thin, make up the anterior portion of the medial wall of each orbit
Lacrimal groove: groove that helps to form the nasolacrimal canal which contains a duct that allows tears to travel to the nasal cavity
Vomer: elongated, plow-shaped bone that forms the inferior and posterior part of the nasal septumWhat is the skull ?Frontal Bone
Description:
Unpaired, irregular-shaped, flat bone
Forms forehead, roof of orbits, and most of anterior cranial fossaWhat is this?Cerebrumhas 5 lobes:frontal, parietal, temporal insularwhat is frontal lobeinfo processing, language, peronality, conscienceCerebellumcoordinates motor activityDiencephaloncomposed of thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamusThalamusmajor processing and relay info entering cerebral hemisphereHypothalamushomeostasis (regulate body temperature, sleep, circadian rhythm, memory, emotional response)epithalamuspineal gland(endocrine organ) and habenulaSuperficial to deep connective tissue through brainDura mater --> arachnoid mater --> pia materFrontal Lobe:
Location:
Anterior portion of cerebral hemisphere
Description:
Extends from anterior pole of brain to central sulcus
Contains precentral gyrus
Function:
Controls voluntary motor activity
Higher mental processing
Emotional behavior
Speech output (i.e., Broca's area - usually in left hemisphere)
Comment:
Named for overlying boneWhat is this?Occipital Lobe:
Location:
Posterior portion of each cerebral hemisphere
Description:
Extends from parieto-occipital sulcus to posterior pole of brain
Contains lingual gyrus
Function:
Primary visual area
Comment:
Named for overlying boneWhat is this?Lateral Ventricles:
Location:
Deep within cerebral hemisphere
Description:
Paired cavity filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Has anterior, posterior, and inferior extensions (horns)
Has choroid plexus that produces CSF
Connected to third ventricle via interventricular foramen
Comment:
Cerebral ventricular system includes: (1) paired lateral ventricles; (2) interventricular foramina (Monro); (3) unpaired third ventricle; (4) cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius); and (5) unpaired fourth ventricleWhat is this?Third Ventricle:
Location:
Diencephalon
Description:
Single, midline cavity filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Has choroid plexus that produces CSF
Connected to lateral ventricles via interventricular foramena
Connected to fourth ventricle via cerebral aqueduct
Comment:
Cerebral ventricular system includes: (1) paired lateral ventricles; (2) interventricular foramena (Monro); (3) unpaired third ventricle; (4) cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius); and (5) unpaired fourth ventricleWhat is this?Third Ventricle (SAME DESCRIPTION AS BEFORE)
Location:
Diencephalon
Description:
Single, midline cavity filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Has choroid plexus that produces CSF
Connected to lateral ventricles via interventricular foramena
Connected to fourth ventricle via cerebral aqueduct
Comment:
Cerebral ventricular system includes: (1) paired lateral ventricles; (2) interventricular foramena (Monro); (3) unpaired third ventricle; (4) cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius); and (5) unpaired fourth ventricleWhat is this?CSF FlowCSF circulates freely through 1. Ventricles of brain 2. central canal of spinal cord 2. subarachnoid spaceChoroid plexusproduces CSFWhere is CSF recycled?venous part of the bloodstream at arachnoid granulationsAnterior Horn Lateral Ventricle
Location:
Deep within cerebral hemisphere
Description:
Cavity with choroid plexus that produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Communicates with paired structure of opposite side and with third ventricle via interventricular foramen
Has anterior, posterior, and inferior extensions (horns)What is thisPosterior Horn lateral Ventricle
Location:
Deep within cerebral hemisphere
Description:
Cavity with choroid plexus that produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Communicates with paired structure of opposite side and with third ventricle via interventricular foramen
Has anterior, posterior, and inferior extensions (horns)What is this
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