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Neuroanatomy Quiz 1

Terms in this set (36)

The adult human brain contains almost ________ of the body's neural tissue.
97%. The rest is in the spinal cord
Average weight of the brain
1.4kg (3 lbs). 400 grams at birth, triples!
Difference between our brain and other animal brains:
(1) There is an increase complexity of our neural connections. (2) There is a selective increase in size in certain areas of the cortex.
Eight major regions of the brain
Cerebrum (cortex), limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, midbrain (mesencephalon), pons, medulla. Thalamus and hypothalamus = diencephalon. Midbrain + pons + medulla oblongata =brainstem
What areas of the brain are intellectual function and visceral function?
Superior= intellectual function. Inferior= visceral function.
corpus callosum
connects the two hemispheres of the brain. upside down nike check.
what are the three cranial meninges in order of outside to inside?
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater.
Explain the dura mater
tough mother: attached to inner surface of skull. It has an inner and outer layer, and venous sinuses called dural sinuses form between the two layers.
Explain the arachnoid mater
Web-like matrix. Covers brain and contacts epithelial layer of dura mater. The subarachnoid space, space between arachnoid mater and Pia mater, is filled with CSF.
Explain the Pia mater.
Tender mother- attached to the brain and follows grooves. Protect the brain from cranial trauma. It is covered by many blood vessels and attached to the brain surface by astrocytes.
What are dural folds? What are the three kinds?
folded inner layer of dura mater. Contain collecting veins called dural sinuses, where cerebral veins will empty. Three kinds are falx cerebri, tentorium cerebri, and falx cerebelli.
Explain the three types of dural folds.
Falx Cerebri: sickle shape, projects into the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres. Contains superior sagittal sinus and inferior sagittal sinus. This is a major flow of CSF and blood.
Tentorium Cerebri: partial separation, separates cerebellum and cerebrum. Decreases weight of brain and contains transverse sinus.
Falx Cerebelli: Divides cerebellar hemispheres below the tentorium cerebelli.
What is the CSF pattern in the ventricles?
Into the lateral ventricles, through the interventrical foramen, then the third ventricle, through the narrow cerebral aqueduct, the fourth ventricle, and then out the spinal cord.
*Thalamus and hypothalamus make up the walls of the third ventricle.
What is CSF and what are its functions:
Cerebrospinal Fluid surrounds all exposed surfaces of the CNS (brain and spinal cord). It supports the brain and cushions delicate neural structured (buoyancy) and transports nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products.
What is the structure that makes CSF? explain.
The choroid plexus, meaning delicate knot. Specialized ependymal cells and capillaries help circulate CSF by secreting it into ventricles, remove waste products from the CSF, and adjusts the composition of CSF. CSF is renewed 3x a day.
What is CSF's circulation path?
Choroid plexus, ventricles, central canal of spinal cord, caudal equina.
There is a clog of CSF in the cerebral aqueduct. It means "water in the brain". What is this?
Hydrocephalus.
What are arachnoid villi? Arachnoid granulations?
They are extensions of subarachnoid space and extend through the dura mater to the superior sagittal sinus. Arachnoid granulations are large clusters of villi that absorb CSF into the venous circulation.
What are the two main ways to get blood up to the brain?
Starts at spinal cord, then through the vertebral arteries and the internal carotid arteries.
What do the arteries in the brain do?
Bring blood and oxygen to the brain
How is the brain's blood supply removed?
Removed from the dural sinuses by the internal jugular veins.
Label these arteries: Anterior cerebral arteries, anterior communicating artery, middle cerebral arteries, posterior communicating arteries, posterior cerebral arteries, vertebral arteries, basilar arteries, anterior spinal, posterior inferior cerebellar.
Picture
Is language in the right or left side of the brain?
Left
What is the circle of willis?
It is the back up generator for the brain. It compensates for blockages. This only works for a certain amount of time before a stroke can occur.
Blood and oxygen travel pattern:
Arteries, inferior sagittal sinus, superior sagittal sinus, through the other sinuses, through internal jugular, through veins, and returned back to the internal jugular.
What happens during a stroke or a cerebrovascular accident?
Blood is shut off from portions of the brain and neurons die. Most common type of stroke is the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)
Difference between ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes
Ischemic is the blockage of a blood vessel, and hemorrhagic is the rupture of a blood vessel.
What is the blood brain barrier made of?
It is made up of tight junctions between endothelial cells. This causes an increase for more protection and so that oxygen can still go through.
What does the blood brain barrier do?
isolates CNS neural tissue from general circulation
What maintains the blood brain barrier?
Astrocytes
What is the blood CSF barrier made of? What does it do?
special ependymal cells held in the choroid plexus.It limits movements of compounds transferred and allows chemical composition of blood and CSF to differ.
What are the four breaks in the blood brain barrier?
1. Portions of hypothalamus, secretes hypothalamic hormones.
2. Posterior lobe of pituitary gland, secretes hormones ADH and oxytocin.
3. Pineal glands, pineal secretions like melatonin.
4. Choroid plexus, where special ependymal cells maintain blood-CSF barrier.
This CNS structure is the principal link of the CNS and the endocrine system:
hypothalamus
This endocrine structure is the principal link of the CNS and the endocrine system:
Pituitary gland
What does both the blood brain barrier and the blood CSF barrier do?
Selectively isolates brain from chemicals in blood that might disrupt neural function.
What does the brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla) process information between?
The spinal cord and the cerebrum or cerebellum.
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