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Psychology chapter 1 and 2

Terms in this set (78)

Hunger is a need.
Physiological
Experimental psychologists who conduct scientific studies practice
basic science
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes is called
Psychology
An assumption of prediction about behavior that is tested through scientific scientific research is a
Hypothesis
Anger is a behavior
Cognitive
A is a complex explanation based on findings from many scientific studies
Theory
Studies that gather information in ways that try to avoid errors and biases use the
Scientific method
Counseling psychologists who help people with problems of everyday life view psychology as a
applied science
The difference between Physiological needs and cognitive needs
Physiological needs is psychical like sleep and Cognitive needs are mental like emotions.
The difference between hypothesis and theory
Hypothesis is an assumption you use to conduct experiments and a Theory is the findings you get from doing experiments.
In the fifth and sixth centuries B.C. the __1__ came to the conclusion that people were __2__. During the Renaissance, scientists began to use __3__ to confirm their theories. __4__ disagreed with the concepts of __5__. Instead he believed that there is a link between the mind and the body.
1. Greeks
2. rational
3. observation
4. Rene Descartes
5. dualism
Wilhelm Wundt developed a method of self-observation know as __6__. William James was a __7__ who proposed tat all activities of the mind have the basic purpose of allowing us to survive as a species. Sir Francis Galton studied the influence of __8__ on human abilities and behavior. A group of German psychologists proposed that perception is a whole pattern or a __9__.
6. introspection
7. functionalist
8. heredity
9. Gestalt
Sigmund Freud was primarily interested in the __10__ mind. Ivan Pavlov was a pioneer in __11__ psychology. __12__ describe human nature as evolving and self-directed. Psychologists who focus on how information is processed, stored, retrieved, and used are know as __13__. PET scans and CT scans are modern tools used by __14__. Sociocultural psychology studies the influence of __15__ and cultural similarities and differences on behavior.
10. unconscious
11. behavioral
12. humanists
13. cognitivists
14. Psychologists
15. Ethnic
A psychologists who works with the legal , court, and correctional systems is a ____ psychologist
a. forensic b. community c. counseling d. educational
a. forensic
A psychologist who studies topics related to teaching is called a ____ psychologist.
a. forensic b. community c. counseling d. educational
d. educational
A psychologist who works in government or private mental health or social welfare agencies is a ___ psychologist
a. clinical b. community c. counseling d. industrial/organization
b. community
A psychologist who focuses on people and work is a ___ psychologist
a. community b. developmental c. industrial-organizational d. educational
c. industrial/organizational
A psychologist who studies the emotional , cognitive, and other changes that occur as the individual matures in a ___ psychologist
a. developmental b. educational c. experimental d .industrial/organizational
c. experimental
___ psychologists have been trained to observe, analyze, evaluate, and treat behavior.
a. community b. counseling c. clinical d. all
d. all
What is the difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist
a psychiatrists specialize in medicine and can prescribe medication
a psychologist observe analyze and evaluate peoples behaviors
a small group of participants, out of the total number available that researcher studies
sample
the group to which an independent variable is applied
experimental group
a research method that involves an intense investigation of one or more participants
case study
the measure of a relationship between two variables or sets of data
correlation
any factor that is capable of change
variable
in a ___ sample, subgroups in the population are represented proportionately in the sample.
a. random b. stratified c. representative d. nonrepresentative
b. stratified
a psychologist studies the same group of people at regular intervals over period of years in a
a. survey b. cross-sectional study c. case study d. longitudinal study
d. longitudinal study
participants in an experiment who are not exposed to the independent variable are part of the
a. sample b. population c. case study d. longitudinal study
a. survey
participants in an experiment who are not exposed to the independent variable are part of the
a. sample b. population c. experimental group d. control group
d. control group
in an experiment a hypothesis is an educated guess about the relationship between two
a. variables b. samples c. populations d. control groups
a. variables
situation in which the researcher's expectations influence the researcher's own behavior, and there by influence the participant's behavior
self-fulfilling prophecy
experiment in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know which participants received which treatment
double-blind experiment
experiment in which only the participants are unaware of of which participants received treatment
single-blind experiment
receives a placebo during an experiment to test a new drug
control group
change in a participant's illness that results from a belief that results from a belief that the treatment will have an effect
placebo effect
In an experiment, a researcher's ___ may produce nonrepresentative results
a. expectations b. behavioral cues c. techniques d. all of the above
d. all of the above
the best way for an experimenter to eliminate any possibilities that she might unconsciously find what she experts to find is by using
a. single-blind experiment b. a double-blind experiment c. a placebo experiment d. a self- fulfilling prophecy
a.double-blind experiment
before conducting an experiment on people, psychologists today are required to submit their plan
a. to a psychology journal b. to a federal judge c. to a human subjects committee d. to the participants
c. to a Human Subjects Committee
a ___ is some form of treatment that resembles medical therapy but has no medical effects
a. placebo b. tranquilizer c. dependent variable d. control
a. placebo
describe the direction and strength of the relationship between two sets of variables
correlation coefficient
describes an average distance of every score from the mean
standard deviation
measure of difference or spread of data
variability
indicates how often a particular score or observation occurs
frequency distribution
listing and summarizing data in a practical, efficient way
descriptive statistics
A ___ shows frequency distribution by means of rectangles whose areas are proportionate to the corresponding frequencies
a. standard deviation b. scatterplot c. histogram d. normal curve
c. histogram
on a ___ the maximum frequency always lies in the center of a range of scores
a. frequency polygon b. normal curve c. histogram d. normal curve
b. normal curve
to determine the direction of the relationship between two variables, psychologists use a
a. bell-shaped curve b. normal distribution c. frequency distribution d. scatterplot
d. scatterplot
the measure of central tendency that is the most frequent score in the distribution is the
a. median b. mode c. variability d. mean
b. mode
___ used to determine whether research data support a hypothesis or whether results are due to chance
a. a correlation is b. standard deviation is c. Descriptive statistics are d. inferential statistics are
d. inferential statistics are
What famous psychologist closely associated with psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
Psychology is the study of mental process and what?
Behavior
Participants treated the same way as the experimental group except that the experimental treatment is not applied
control group
Branch of mathematics that allows researchers to evaluate data
Statistics
Contemporary Approaches
Psychoanalytic, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive, biological, and sociocultural
Determines whether research data supports a hypothesis or whether results were due to chance
Inferential statistics
Research process starts with what?
Question
What type of science is used using what is already known?
Applied
Small group out of total population under study
Sample
Group credited with beginning of science and psychology
Greeks
Intensive study of person or group
Case Study
Measures relationships between two variables
Correlation
Favorite technique of Freud, say everything coming to mind
Free Association
Variable manipulated or changed
Independent variable
Field of medicine which someone chooses to focus on diagnosis of mental disorders
Psychiatry
A researcher's expectations influence that person's own behavior, and thereby influence the participant's behavior
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
Father of psychology
William James
Measures of Central Tendency
Mean, Median , and mode
Average distance of every score from the mean
Standard Deviation
Experiment used to eliminate participant and researcher bias
Double blind experiment
Before participating, participate must sign
Informed consent form
Informed consent form
Change in participants illness from belief of medicine
Placebo effect
Changes in relation to the independent variable
Dependent variable
Contemporary approach believes events in environment have impact on behavior
Behavioral psychology
2 most famous humanistic psychologists
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
Our ability to store, process, retrieve, and use info
Cognitive Psychology
Famous behavioral psychologists
Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner
Emphasizes physical and chemical changes in our body
Biological Psychology
Information is obtained by asking many individuals a fixed set of questions
Survey
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