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Chapter 6 biology

Terms in this set (24)

Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism
Kinetic energy
Energy associated with movement
potential energy
The energy that a substance possesses due to its structure or location
Chemical potential energy
The potential energy contained within Atoms and the bonds between Atoms
Thermodynamics
The study of energy interconversions
First law of thermodynamics
The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
Second law of thermodynamics
Any energy transfer or transformation from one form to another increases the degree of disorder of a system, called entropy
Entropy
The degree of disorder of a system
Enthalpy (H)
The total energy of a system
Free energy (G)
The amount of a systems energy that is available and can be used to promote change or do work
Exergonic
Refers to chemical reactions that release free energy and occur spontaneously
Endergonic
Refers to chemical reactions that require an addition of free energy and do not proceed spontaneously
Chemical equilibrium
Estate of chemical reaction in which the rate of formation of products equals the rate of formation of reactants
Phosphorylation
The attachment of a phosphate to a molecule
If a large amount of ADP was broken down, the cell would not be able to synthesize as much ATP, which is made by the attaching a phosphate to ADP. The ATP cycle would be inhibited
If a large amount of ADP was broken down in a cell, how much would this affect the ATP cycle?
Catalyst
An agent that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being permanently changed or consumed during the reaction
Enzymes
A protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up a chemical reaction in a cell
Activation energy
And initial input of energy, in a chemical reaction that allows the molecules to get close enough to cause a rearrangement of bonds
Transition state
In a chemical reaction, a state in which the original bonds have stretched to the limit; once this state is reached, the reaction can proceed to the formation of products
Active site
The location in an enzyme where a chemical reaction takes place
Substrate
The reactant molecules that bond to an enzyme at the active site and participate in a chemical reaction; the organic compounds such as soil or rotting wood that fungi use as food
Induced fit
The phenomenon that occurs when a substrate binds to an enzyme and the enzyme undergoes a conformational change that causes the substrate to bind more tightly to the enzyme
Affinity
The degree of attraction between an enzyme and its substrate
V max
The maximal velocity, or rate, of an enzyme catalyzed reaction
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