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Anatomy Lecture 11

Terms in this set (34)

Flexion
angel between articulating bones decreases
opposite: extension
Extension
Angel between articulating bones increases
opposite: flexion
Hyperextension
Extension movement continues past the anatomic position
opposite: flexion
Lateral Flexion
Vertebral column moves (bends)
in a lateral direction along the coronal plane
opposite: none
Abduction
Movement of bone AWAY from midline
opposite: adduction
Adduction
Movement of bone TOWARD midline
opposite: abduction
Circumduction
Continuous movement that combines flexion, abduction, extension and adduction in succession; the distal end of the limb or digit moves in a circle
opposite: none
Pronation
Rotation of the forearm where the palm is turned posteriorly
opposite: supination
Supination
Rotation of the forearm in which the palm is turned anteriorly
opposite: pronation
Depression
movement of body inferiorly
opposite: elevation
Elevation
movement of body superiorly
opposite: depression
Dorsiflexion
Ankle joint movement where the dorsum (superior face) of the foot is brought toward the anterior surface of the leg
opposite: plantar flexion
Plantar flexion
pointing toes
opposite: dorsiflexion
Inversion
Twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole medially or inward
opposite: Eversion
Eversion
twisting motion of foot that turns sole laterally or outward
Protraction
Anterior movement of body part from anatomic position
opposite: Retraction
Retraction
Posterior movement of body part from anatomic position
opposite: protraction
Opposition
Special movement of thumb across the palm toward the fingers to permit grasping and holding of an object
opposite: reposition
Fibrous Joints
-1.Gomphosis: Peridontal membrane hold tooth to bony jaw. (tooth to jaw): Synarthosis!
2. Suture: connects skull bones (lambdoid suture, occipital and parietal bones): Synarthosis!
3.Syndesmosis: tissue fibers (articulation between radius and ulna): Amphiarthorosis
-Dense regular connective tissue holds together the ends of bone and bone parts; NO JOINT CAVITY
Synarthosis
immobile
Amphiarthorosis
slightly mobile
Diarthorosis
Freely mobile
Carilaginous Joints
-1.Synchondrosis: hyaline cartilage between bones; epiphyseal plate in growing bones; Synarthorosis!
2.Symphysis: Fibrocartilage pad between bones; pubic symphysis intervertebral disc articulations; Amphiarthosis!
-pad of cartilage wedged between ends of bones; NO JOINT CAVITY
Synovial Joints
-Uniaxial
Plane joint: flattened or slightly curved faces slide across one another
Hinge joint: convex feature of one bone fits into concave depression of another bone
Pivot joint: bone with a rounded surface fits into a ring formed by a ligament and another bone
-Biaxial
Condylar joint: oval articular surface on one bone closely interfaces with a depressed oval surface on another bone
-Multi axial
Saddle joint
ball and socket: round head of one bone rests within cup shaped depression in another bone
the more mobile a joint is....
the less stable it is...
synovial membrane
lines joint cavity, secretes synovial fluid
function of synovial fluid
lubrication
shock absorption
provides nutrients and removes wastes from the chondrocytes in the hyaline articular cartilage
articular cartilage
hyaline cartilage covers surface of bone that meet in the joint
functions: reduces friction, protects articulating ends of the bones
Joint Cavity
space that separates the articulating bones. That cavity is filled with synovial fluid. The articular cartilage and the synovial fluid act together to:
reduce friction btw bones
Continual compression and re-expansion helps exchange nutrients and wastes with the articular cartilage
Ligaments
dense regular connective tissue connects bone to bone, function to stabilize, strengthen and reinforce the synovial joint
Nerves and blood vessels
-penetrate into fibrous capsule and synovial membrane. nerves supply information to brain with information about pain in the joint
Accessory features of synovial joints
-some synovial membranes form a fluid filled sac called a burs . Bursae contain synovial fluid
-some joints like the knee contain a special cartilage pad called a meniscus (fibrocartilage) which provides additional support and is a shock absorber
6 synovial joints and examples
Hinge: uniaxial: Humeroulnar joint (elbow), tibifemoral joint (knee)
Pivot: uniaxial: radioulnar and atlanoaxial
Ball and Socket: multi axial: glenohumeral (shoulder), coxofemoral (femur and coxal bone)
Condylar Joint: biaxial: metacarpophalangeal
Plane Joint: uniaxial: intercarpals, intertarsals
Saddle Joint: biaxial: carpometacarpal joint
Elbow joint
3 joints: humerus to ulna, ulna to radius, and radius to humerus
trochlea of humerus fits in trochlear notch of ulna. Capitulum of humerus articulates with radial head of radius.
-radioulnar joint is a pivot--> head of radius articulates with radial notch of ulna and the radius is secured to ulna with a annular ligament --> ulna is stationary and radius pivots around it
-olecranon bursa eases movement of tendons over the joint
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