Upgrade to remove ads
Only $2.99/month

ap bio chapter 5 vocab

Terms in this set (25)

hydrocarbon
an organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen
isomers
-one of several compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties
-the three types of isomers are structural isomers, geometric isomers, and enantiomers
structural isomer
one of several compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms
geometric isomer
one of several compounds glycosidic linkage gene flow that have the same molecular formula and covalent arrangements but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms owing to the inflexibility of double bonds
enantiomers
one of two compounds that are mirror images of each other
functional group
a specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions
ATP
-an adenine containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed
-this energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells
macromolecule
-a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction
-polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules
polymer
a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together
monomer
the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer
phospholipids
-a lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group
-the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as a non-polar, hydrophobic tail, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head
-form bilayers that function as biological membranes
steroids
a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various chemical groups attached
cholesterol
a steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule (or the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as hormones
enzymes
a macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
catalysts
a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
denaturation
-in proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native shape, thereby becoming biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix
-occurs under extreme (noncellular) conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature
nucleotides
the building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group
pyrimidines
-one of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring
-cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U)
purines
-one of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring
-adenine (A) and guanine (G)
fatty acid
-a long carbon chain carboxylic acid
-vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule, also known as a triacylglycerol or triglyceride
glycerol
an alcohol with three carbons, each bearing a hydroxyl group
cellulose
a structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by β glycosidic linkages
chitin
a structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods
saturated fatty acid
a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton
unsaturated fatty acid
-a fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail
-such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton
OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR