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Child and Psych quiz chapter 1

Terms in this set (24)

According to Freud, the __________ works to reconcile the demands of the __________ and the __________.

ego; id; superego

id; conscience; subconscious

id; ego; superego

superego; id; ego
ego, id, superego
Development is often divided into which of the following three broad domains?

biological, social, and intellectual

infancy, childhood, and adolescence

physical, cognitive, and emotional and social

social, cultural, and historical
physical, cognitive, and emotional and social
According to B. F. Skinner's operant conditioning theory,

development is a discontinuous process.

children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore the world.

the frequency of behavior can be increased by following it with reinforcers.

modeling is the most powerful source of development
the frequency of behavior can be increased by following it with reinforcers.
According to Vygotsky, __________ is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community's culture.

discipline
social interaction
independence
reinforcement
social interaction
Behaviorism focuses on the unseen workings of the mind.

true
false
false
Both __________ and __________ emphasize discontinuous development.

information processing; Vygotsky's sociocultural theory

Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory; the psychoanalytic perspective

behaviorism; social learning theory

ethology; evolutionary developmental psychology
Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory; the psychoanalytic perspective
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution emphasizes __________ and __________.

maturation; survival of the fittest

natural selection; stage

stage; maturation

natural selection; survival of the fittest
natural selection; survival of the fittest
Chronosystem refers to the temporal dimension in Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory.

true
false
true
Dr. Adolph takes measures of behavior on large numbers of individuals and computes age-related averages to represent typical development. Dr. Adolph uses

psychoanalysis.
the normative approach.
behaviorism.
intelligence testing.
The normative approach
Dr. Hoo believes that children who are high in verbal ability, anxiety, or sociability will remain so at later ages. Dr. Hoo likely emphasizes the role of __________ in her research.

discontinuity
plasticity
context
stability
stability
Dr. Winsock often designs flowcharts to map the precise steps that her research participants use to solve problems and complete tasks, much like the plans devised by programmers to get computers to perform a series of "mental operations." Dr. Winsock probably subscribes to which of the following theories of development?

psychoanalytic perspective
ecological systems theory
information-processing approach
social-cognitive approach
information-processing approach
Dr. Zettler compares children growing up in non-Western village societies with those growing up in large Western cities. Dr. Zettler likely emphasizes __________ in her research.

the nature-nurture controversy

the concept of step-by-step learning

the effects of distinct contexts on development

continuous development
the effects of distinct contexts on development
In collectivistic societies, people usually define themselves as part of a group and stress group goals over individual goals.

true/ false
true
Marcus, age 12, wears the same clothes and hairstyle as his best friends at school. According to Albert Bandura, Marcus is displaying

classical conditioning.
operant conditioning.
observational learning.
behavior modification.
observational learning
Mona's flexible work schedule indirectly enhances her children's development by allowing her time off for school activities and to care for sick children. This is an example of interactions within the

mesosystem.

exosystem.

macrosystem.

microsystem.
exosystem
Observations of __________ led to the concept of __________ in child development.

imprinting in baby birds; the critical period of attachment

learned behaviors in dogs; the sensitive period

human infant-caregiver attachment; resilience

modeling in young mammals; adaptation
imprinting in baby birds; the critical period of attachment
Pete participates in soccer and is beginning to master fundamental reading and math skills. Pete is probably in which period of human development?

early childhood
adolescence
middle childhood
infancy and toddlerhood
middle childhood
Piaget believed that knowledge is imparted to children through the use of reinforcement.

true/false
false
The concept of __________ is characteristic of __________ theories.

nurture; continuous
change; heredity
context; nature
stages; discontinuous
stages; discontinuous
The domains of development

combine in an integrated, holistic fashion.

are distinct and unrelated.

are not influenced by each other.

operate independently of one another.
combine in an integrated, holistic fashion.
Theories differ from mere opinion and belief in that


they provide the ultimate truth.

they are usually too abstract to be used as a basis for practical action.

they cannot be tested in a research setting.

their continued existence depends on scientific verification.
their continued existence depends on scientific verification.
Twelve-year-old Ross lives in a country with very low governmental standards for public education. As a result, he is barely literate. The public policies that impact Ross's education are part of the

microsystem.

macrosystem.

mesosystem.

exosystem.
macrosystem
Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory views the child as


a biological organism with a highly plastic brain, especially open to growth and reorganization as a result of experience.

developing with a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment.

a blank slate upon which adults and more experienced peers can write.

resembling our primate relatives in social behavior and emotional expression.
developing with a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment.
Vygotsky's theory differs from Piaget's theory in that Vygotsky


viewed cognitive development as taking place in universal stages.

believed that children are active, constructive beings.

viewed cognitive development as a socially mediated process.

believed that children undergo certain stagewise changes.
viewed cognitive development as a socially mediated process.
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