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PNB2250 Exam 1 (correct answers)

Terms in this set (40)

Which statement is true?
a. Heme is commonly found within seawater
b. Heme-based proteins played a key role in the metabolism of carbon dioxide into forms less toxic to cells.
c. Heme-based proteins likely developed as a means by which Fe was transported safely.
d. Oxygen binding to heme is insensitive to the presence of acid in mammals.
e. Early anaerobic life used heme-based proteins to minimize oxygen toxicity.
(e) Early anaerobic life used heme-based proteins to minimize oxygen toxicity.
Why was the evolution of vascular valves so important?
a. Vascular valves increase the efficiency of blood flow by limiting the direction in which it can move.
b. Vascular valves are the precursors of a chambered heart.
c. Vascular valves are only found in animals with peristaltic pumps.
d. Vascular valves prevent high blood pressures from damaging pump walls
e. All of the above are reasons why the evolution of vascular valves is so important.
(a) Vascular valves increase the efficiency of blood flow by limiting the direction in which it can move.
Support for the evolution of terrestrial animals from aquatic animals is provided by..
a. some aquatic animals ability to use the swim bladder and digestive tract to absorb oxygen from gulped air.
b. present day examples of transient aquatic hypoxia in warm, shallow waters
c. African lungfish.
d. Dolphins.
e. all of the above answers
(e) all of the above answers.
Heart rate is ________ increasing body size.
a. positively correlated with
b. independent of
c. inversely correlated with
d. exponentially correlated with
e. related by the square root
(c) inversely correlated with
What is an advantage of a closed circulatory system?
a. Blood can flow in any direction within a blood vessel.
b. It requires less blood volume than an open circulatory system.
c. It is usually a low...pressure (15 to 50 mm Hg) system.
d. It is anatomically more complex.
e. It is not dependent on a heart to generate pressure.
(b) It requires less blood volume than an open circulatory system.
In animals, circulatory systems ...
a. overcome the limitation of diffusion in providing oxygen to tissues far away from respiratory membranes
b. provide a mechanism for transport of solutes
c. accelerate the loss of carbon dioxide from the body.
d. can vary the distribution of blood to tissues with the greatest need for oxygen
e. can do all of the above.
(e) can do all of the above.
An advantage of a four chamber heart is ...
a. that an animal can have less blood volume (on a % basis) than an animal with a two...chambered heart
b. an animal can also use peristalsis to move blood around the body.
c. the ability to have two blood circuits within the body.
d. the ability to pump different volumes of blood from the two ventricles.
(c) the ability to have two blood circuits within the body.
An open circulation system ...
a. can use peristalsis or a simple heart.
b. is inversely related to body size.
c. is a high-pressure (>150 mm Hg) system.
d. requires less blood volume that a closed circulatory system.
e. only occurs in extremely small (<1 cm) animals.
(a) can use peristalsis or a simple heart.
Respiratory proteins ...
a. increase the carbon dioxide carrying capacity of water up to 50-fold.
b. have a fixed affinity for oxygen
c. depend on carbonic anhydrase to transport oxygen
d. must contain iron.
e. are not accurately described by any of the above statements
(e) are not accurately described by any of the above statements
Why is Hb the most common respiratory protein?
a. Hb demonstrates facilitated diffusion in the presence of carbon dioxide.
b. Hb is capable of converting carbon dioxide to carbonic acid
c. Hb is small enough to fit inside cells
d. Heme (or a porphyrin ring) is found in enzymes engaged in basic metabolism
e. Hb can bind both oxygen and carbon dioxide on heme.
(d) Heme (or a porphyrin ring) is found in enzymes engaged in basic metabolism
Vertebrates constantly exposed to hypoxic conditions would have a Hb-O2 binding curve (BLANK) compared to a vertebrate not exposed to hypoxic conditions
a. shifted to the right
b. not shifted at all
c. shifted up
d. that is biphasic
e. shifted to the left
(e) shifted to the left
Which of the following might happen if I was able to suddenly inhibit all carbonic anhydrase activity in a terrestrial animals' body?
a. The animals' blood pH would plummet to very low (acidic) levels
b. Anion exchanger activity would increase dramatically to compensate
c. The animal would suddenly no longer increase respiration in response to acid in the blood
d. There would be a dramatic increase in the ability of Hb to transport carbon dioxide
e. None of the above would likely happen if all carbonic anhydrase activity was suddenly inhibited.
(e) None of the above would likely happen if all carbonic anhydrase activity was suddenly inhibited.
What is the most important physical factor affecting the ability of animals to extract O2 from their environment?
a. The slow chemical reaction of O2 with many metals.
b. The increase in the solubility of O2 in water with rising temperature.
c. The presence of other gases.
d. Diffusion.
e. Dalton's law
(d) Diffusion.
Insects are dependent on (BLANK) to move air through (BLANK).
a. ventilation ... trachea.
b. ventilation ... alveoli
c. diffusion ... trachea
d. ventilation ... spiracles
e. diffusion ... alveoli.
(c) diffusion ... trachea
What is an advantage of an invaginated respiratory organ?
a. An invaginated respiratory works best in an aquatic environment
b. An invaginated respiratory organ works best for diffusive breathers (like insects)
c. An invaginated respiratory organ only needs to have 25% of surface area of an evaginated respiratory organ to collect the same amount of O2 from water or air.
d. An invaginated respiratory organ is the best solution for a terrestrial environment because of dessication
e. An invaginated respiratory organ does not need counter current blood flow.
(d) An invaginated respiratory organ is the best solution for a terrestrial environment because of dessication
Which of the following statements is false?
a. More complex animals must have larger genomes.
b. Between protozoa and sponges, there were 31 gene duplication events.
c. A retrotransposon is a mutational force.
d. Duplicated genes can encode new proteins as a result of mutation
e. Animals evolved with sporadic bursts of gene duplication not by gradual change.
(a) More complex animals must have larger genomes.
Blood flow through a vessel requires ...
a. a pressure gradient between the ends of the blood vessel.
b. a chamber in which gas can be pressurized.
c. elastic blood vessels that change size.
d. an animal to be standing to exploit the advantage gained through the effects of gravity
e. large amounts of skeletal muscle.
(a) a pressure gradient between the ends of the blood vessel.
How do physical factors affect animal structure and function?
a. Not all animals are aerobic (require oxygen).
b. Except for the chemistry of gases, they really don't.
c. the only factor affecting animal structure is the need to maintain entropy
d. Not all animals are made up of primarily carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphate and sulfur.
e. Unless energy is constantly put into an animal, the animal's body will fall victim to entropy.
(e) Unless energy is constantly put into an animal, the animal's body will fall victim to entropy.
Birds can fly at high altitudes because ...
a. they can consume O2 at very low rates (on a cellular basis).
b. they can absorb O2 through the walls of air...filled sacs spread throughout their bodies.
c. their lungs are 25% of their body volume.
d. they absorb O2 from inhaled and exhaled air passing through the lung.
e. they have an unusually large number of alveoli within their lungs.
(d) they absorb O2 from inhaled and exhaled air passing through the lung.
Facilitated diffusion ...
a. refers to the increased diffusion of O2 in the presence of any blood protein.
b. is likely more common in marine invertebrates.
c. refers to the increased diffusion of CO2 in the presence of any blood protein.
d. refers to the increased diffusion of CO2 in the presence of Hb only
e. refers to the decreased diffusion of O2 in the presence of Hb.
(b) is likely more common in marine invertebrates.
I would expect the blood CO2 levels to be (BLANK) in terrestrial animals compared to aquatic animals and I would expect aquatic animals to be (BLANK) than terrestrial animals.
a. higher ... less sensitive to acid as a stimulator of respiration
b. higher ... more sensitive to acid as a stimulator of respiration.
c. same ... less sensitive to acid as a stimulator of respiration.
d. lower ... less sensitive to acid as a stimulator of respiration.
e. lower ... more sensitive to acid as a stimulator of respiration.
(a) higher ... less sensitive to acid as a stimulator of respiration
Which of the following best describes the differences between air-breathers and water-breathers?
a. Air-breathers can change ventilation more easily than water-breathers.
b. Water-breathers can support a higher level of cellular metabolism
c. Water-breathers are usually less efficient at removing oxygen from water than air-breathers are at removing oxygen from air
d. It is energetically more costly to move air in and out of lungs than to move water past gills.
e. All of the above statements accurately describe the differences between air- and water-breathers.
(a) Air-breathers can change ventilation more easily than water-breathers.
Which of the following is false?
a. CO2 cannot be transported as a gas within blood.
b. CO2 can bind to he non-heme portions of Hb
c. CO2 is more soluble in water than oxygen
d. An increase in blood CO2 in terrestrial animals will decrease blood pH
e. CO2 can be rapidly converted to carbonic acid by carbonic anhydrase
(a) CO2 cannot be transported as a gas within blood.
What were some of the factors that led to rapid evolution of animals into different forms?
a. Climatic change (e.g., glaciation)
b. Volcanic eruptions
c. Gene duplication
d. Viral infections
e. All of the above were factors that led to rapid animal evolution
(e) All of the above were factors that led to rapid animal evolution
Which of the following conditions would right shift the Hb-O2 binding curve?
a. Moving from sea level to a high altitude.
b. Moving from a hypoxic area to an area with more oxygen
c. Increasing an animal's size through normal growth
d. Exposing respiratory proteins to base and cold
e. None of the above would cause a right shift in the Hb:O2 binding curve
(b) Moving from a hypoxic area to an area with more oxygen
CO2 transport in marine animals with gills ...
a. is predominantly as bicarbonate
b. is more dependent on carbonic anhydrase activity then terrestrial animals
c. has a huge effect on blood pH.
d. is more dependent on anion exchanger activity then terrestrial animals.
e. is affected by the loss of CO2 to water through the gills.
(e) is affected by the loss of CO2 to water through the gills.
Which of the following statements is true?
a. Heart volume increases with body size, but is always around 6% of total volume.
b. Heart volume does not increase, as a percentage of total body volume, in animals with higher metabolic rates
c. Heart output is coupled to cellular O2 requirements.
d. Heart volume is limited by space issues inside the body.
e. All of the above statements are true.
(e) All of the above statements are true.
If the O2 molecule was altered to decrease the free energy released per electron transferred, how might this affect animals?
a. Aerobic metabolism might become more efficient.
b. Animal complexity might increase
c. Less ATP would be formed during oxidative phosphorylation
d. Animals would need to eat less food to get the same level of energy
e. All of the above would likely happen to animals.
(c) Less ATP would be formed during oxidative phosphorylation
Which of the following supports the importance of the role of increasing atmospheric O2 in the formation and evolution of animals?
a. During the Cambrian explosion there was a rapid decrease in atmospheric N2 to present day levels.
b. There is less animal diversity on the Earth now with 21% O2 than in the past when atmospheric O2 was as high as 35%.
c. Animals only appeared in the fossil record after the formation of gills and lungs.
d. Complex multicellular animals don't appear in the fossil record until 650 million years ago when O2 was rapidly increasing in the atmosphere
e. Animals appear in the fossil record approximately 1.7 billion years ago when O2 increased to 2% while H2S decrease to low levels
(d) Complex multicellular animals don't appear in the fossil record until 650 million years ago when O2 was rapidly increasing in the atmosphere
Which of the following is false?
a. An animal could use gills to breathe out of the water if they can be prevented from collapsing.
b. Gills provide little drag to the movement of water past their surface
c. Because of buoyancy, a gill membrane must be thinner than an alveolar membrane.
d. Fish have a respiratory organ that is an evagination.
e. It is more efficient to move an animal through water than to move water past gills.
(c) Because of buoyancy, a gill membrane must be thinner than an alveolar membrane.
Why are CHONPS the most common elements in animal bodies?
a. They have three or more electron shells
b. They form weak intramolecular bonds
c. They cannot form double or triple bonds.
d. They require a great deal of energy to form bonds, making it difficult to break the bonds, thereby making it easier to work against entropy.
e. The are the most common elements in the ocean.
(d) They require a great deal of energy to form bonds, making it difficult to break the bonds, thereby making it easier to work against entropy.
When examining the fossil record of animals there is evidence...
a. of convergent evolution
b. that evolution can be quite rapid.
c. of the evolution of many solutions to the same problem.
d. of increasing complexity in animal forms.
e. of all of the above.
(e) of all of the above.
Which statement is false?
a. To extract 0.1 L of O2 requires the movement of 16 L of water or 0.5 L of air past the respiratory membrane
b. CO2 diffuses more slowly in air than water.
c. O2 is less soluble in water than CO2.
d. Water is 50 times more viscous than air.
e. Water is 800 times as dense as air.
(b) CO2 diffuses more slowly in air than water.
Why do all animals consume oxygen?
a. O2 readily reacts with metals, oxidizing them
b. There is a lot of oxygen in the atmosphere.
c. It's the third most abundant element in the universe.
d. Anaerobic metabolism is much more efficient than aerobic metabolism
e. It is the terminal electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation.
(e) It is the terminal electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation.
Respiration ...
a. increases the speed at which gas exchange takes place.
b. has a fundamental effect on animal design.
c. increases the rate of diffusion of O2.
d. can be changed in animals to match O2 demand.
e. has all of the properties listed above.
(e) has all of the properties listed above.
Homeostasis ... and requires ....
a. maintains the internal environment at a set point ... a complex positive feedback control system.
b. is a negative feedback system ... a sensor to detect changes in critical physiological processes.
c. maintains the internal environment equal to the external environment ... a sensor.
d. requires a positive feedback system ... massive amounts of energy input.
e. is commonly found in animals ... very little in the way of components.
(b) is a negative feedback system ... a sensor to detect changes in critical physiological processes.
Which of the following is not a characteristic trait of animals?
a. Internal and external adaptation to a changing environment.
b. Consumption of oxygen and formation of carbon dioxide.
c. A complex distribution system to deliver nutrients to all cells
d. A fixed body plan, many times including bilateral symmetry
e. All cells express the same genes and have the same functions.
(e) All cells express the same genes and have the same functions.
Invaginated respiratory organs...
a. have large surface areas for gas exchange.
b. couple ventilation with changes in counter-current blood flow.
c. are dependent solely on diffusion.
d. must be protected against dessication.
e. have all of the properties listed above.
(e) have all of the properties listed above.
Convergent evolution is best exemplified by...
a. the evolution of bird and bat wings.
b. the shrinking of the human jaw.
c. the use of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation.
d. the number of homeobox genes within the genome.
e. all of the above examples.
(a) the evolution of bird and bat wings.
Which of the following statements is true?
a. Invaginated respiratory organs can be used to regulate water and solute balance in aquatic animals.
b. Evaginated respiratory organs require surfactant to function properly.
c. Invaginated respiratory organs require surfactant to function properly.
d. It takes less energy to extract 0.5 L of O2 out of water than out of air.
e. Evaginated respiratory organs can be used to regulate water and solute balance in terrestrial animals.
(c) Invaginated respiratory organs require surfactant to function properly.
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