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CFD Exam #2

Terms in this set (32)

Same Sex Couple Relationships and Marriage
- 40 to 60% gay men and 45 to 85% lesbians are in a relationship -- discrimination means these estimates are low
- health gay relationships are similar to healthy heterosexual relationships
- experienced less social support, but function better than heterosexual relationships
- Research Findings: (1) relationship skills used in heterosexual couples education also found in useful for homosexual couples; (2) some info needed to be modified for homosexual couples like gender terms; (3) there were issues that needed to be addressed for homosexual couples that would not be useful for heterosexual couples (how to deal with discrimination for them and their children)
US Demographics and Future Trends
- hispanic - largest ethnic group (16%)
- African American - 13%
- Asian American - 6%
- American Indian - 1%
- White - 72%
- growth between 2000 and 2010 due to Hispanic growth (birth and immigration) -- white grew 1% -- minority populations grew 29%
Figure 2.1 - Demographics
Income
- Asian and Pacific Islander - $75,027
- African American - $38,409
Poverty
- Hispanic and African American - 22.7%
- White - 9.3%
Education
- Asian and Pacific Islander - 88.9%
- Hispanic - 62.9%
Two-Parent Families
- Asian and Pacific Islander - 86
- Black - 39
Characteristics and Strengths of Latinos
- Familism -- family is highly valued
- Children -- children are highly valued and sometimes more important than the marriage
- Religion -- usually Catholic
- Collectivistic -- family is important, they support each other
- Three Important Things: Children, Communication, and Religion
Characteristics and Strengths of African Americans
- Strong Kinship Bonds -- the extended family is very important; tend to take relatives into their households
- Flexibility in Family Roles -- serves as effective coping mechanisms; egalitarian (both rule)
- Strong Motivation to Achieve -- believe education is important and many want to see their children go onto college
- Strong Religious Orientation -- churches provide emotional, spiritual, and intellectual satisfaction
Characteristics and Strengths of Asian Americans
share a cultural heritage that values discipline, family commitment, hard work, and education
- young people become challenging competitors
- Strong Family Orientation -- both he nuclear and the extended family are very important historically and today
- Filial piety --great respect for elders
- High Value on Education -- emphasize the importance of education, from nursery school through college
- Well-Disciplined Children -- children are expected to be quiet, well behaved, and somewhat passive
Characteristics and Strengths of Native Americans
- great diversity based upon tribal affiliation and whether they live on reservations or in metropolitan communities
- Extended-Family Systems -- extended family is very strong
-* Spiritual Beliefs -- focuses on harmony with nature and the value of contentment*
- High Family Cohesion -- connectedness to family; family includes the nuclear family, the extended family, and the tribal community
- Respect for Elders
- Bilingual Language Skills -- work hard to maintain their native languages, but this can be difficult because of television and other mass media that can be found on the reservation
- Tribal Support System -- rely on tribe for all types of problems
Marriage Outside the Group
- marriage is seen as an alliance between two successful families that can enhance the power, prestige, and well-being of all the members of both families
- marriages across ethnic groups has increased
- increasing number of interracial marriages between Whites and Blacks
- SLOWER increase in interracial marriages between whites and latinos
- also been a DECLINE in White and Asian interracial marriages
- increased number of foreign born and US born marrying
- the number of multicultural couples cohabiting has increased and is approximately twice as high as the number of multiracial marriages
- the number of multiracial marriages is increasing, and the trend is expected to continue as public attitudes become more accepting of such unions
* HARVARD STUDIES *
- biracial couples report widespread tolerance and even acceptance of their relationships
- found that an overwhelming majority of the 540 couples interviewed said they had introduced their partners to accepting parents and other family members, and felt comfortable talking openly about their partners
- found that the majority felt their children are more advantaged by having parents from different ethnic groups
Assimilation
the process in which old cultural traits and values are relinquished and replaced by those of the dominant culture
Acculturation
the process whereby cultural traits and values from one ethnic group become blended with those of the dominant culture
Segregation
the process in which an ethnic group isolates itself or is forced into isolation within the dominant culture
Arrange Marriages
- parent-arrange marriages still occur throughout much of the non industrialized world
- although archaic and uncivilized, many people worldwide prefer parent-arragned marriage
- partners in arranged marriages see the importance of accepting and adjusting to their partner after marriage
- serve to extend family units, rather than create new ones
- they reinforce ties with other families in the community, strengthening the order and organization of the community
- very stable because it is the duty of the whole family to help the new couple
- divorce is almost unheard of, except for infertility
Limitations of Dating
- leads to intimacy but not necessarily to commitment
- tends to skip friendship, which should be the foundation of a stable relationship
- focuses on romantic attraction, so it lasts only as long as the romantic feelings remain
- focuses on enjoying love and romance solely for their recreational value
- often mistakes a physical relationship for love
- often isolates a couple form other vital relationships, leaving important friendships in disrepair
- takes a lot of time and energy, which can distract young adults from their primary responsibility of preparing for the future
- creates an artificial environment for evaluating another person's character
Hooking Up Survey of Female College Students (10.2)
- marriage is a major life goal for the majority of college women
- most women would like to meet a spouse while at college
- relationships between college women and college men are often characterized by college men and are often characterized by either too little commitment or too much
- "hooking up" is a distinctive sex-without-commitment interaction between college students and has many levels ranging form only kissing to oral sex and intercourse
- the ambiguity of the phrase "hooking up" is part of the reason for its popular appeal
- "hooking up" is widespread on most campuses
- dating carries multiple meanings from hanging out (being together) to a high level of commitment
- it is rare for college men to ask women out on dates or to acknowledge when they have become a couple
- in areas such as marriage aspirations, getting advice from parents, and "hooking up," college women from divorced families differ significantly from women who grew up in intact families
Internet Dating (Wildermuth and Vogl-Bauer)
- researchers found that there were five themes that emerged as individuals described their online romantic relationships
- (1) indication intense emotion (both positive and negative) as they talked about their online relationships
- (2) participants warned others to be cautious because you cannot trust a person to be who they say they are
- (3) individuals described the peer of online connections, in that one gets to know someone to the point that attractiveness does not matter
- (4) individuals talked about extramarital affairs - several people were looking online for love because their real relationships weren't doing so well
- (5) described the negative responses from their social networks about their online relationships - friends and relatives questioned this mode of getting to know someone
Older vs Younger Daters
- women - usually because of divorce
- men - usually because they haven't married
- divorced or widowed men are more likely to remarry than women
- women often like the freedom that comes from a divorce or becoming a widow
Physical Attractiveness
- one of the most important components of mate selection
- based on a sequence of studies over 50 years, buss and colleagues found that there are several characteristics that both sexes consider very important in a potential marriage partner
- over time, physic attraction became less important for both sexes
- characteristics that grew: dependability and emotional stability as well as a pleasing disposition
- mutual attraction and love became more important for both sexes over time
- males placed a higher premium on physical attraction
- females placed a higher premium on ambition, similar education background, and being a good financial provider
- 728,000 match.com members - physically attractive ranked third most important characteristic; FIRST was being intelligent, and SECOND was being funny
Age and Finding a Mate
- 6/7 marriages - man is older or as old as woman
- 2012, average man 28.3years and woman 25.8 years
- 2011, 105 men for every 100 women
- women usually wait till 30s after they have developed a career to find a mate - usually no men left that can fulfill their income and achievements expectations
Conflict and Violence in Dating
- 25% for women and 10% for men - reported violence in relationships
- victimized girls are 8 to 9 times more likely to commit suicide
- 4 to 6 times to be pregnant
- 3 to 5 times more likely to use cocaine
- 3 to 4 times more likely to engage in unhealthy behaviors
- verbal agression - highest - 87-93%
- will most likely continue after marriage
Cohabitation
- 1960 to 2009, the number of unmarried couples living together increased by more than fifteen-fold
- 54% of them had never been married
- 37% had been divorced
- the rest were widowed
Similar or Different Personalities (Kaufman)
- Kaufman conduted a study with 10,000 couples with vie different couple types concerning their degree of relationship satisfaction
FINDINGS
- couples did not marry someone like themselves; 2/3 of the couples had personality scores that did not match up
- found that happily married couples were not significantly different or significantly similar to each other
- findings indicate that whether individuals have similar personalities or different ones, it does not impact marital satisfaction
Predict Marital Success
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Marriage and Black Americans
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Five types of Marriages and Premarital Types
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How does marital satisfaction change over time?
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Common problems of newlyweds
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Keeping Marriage Top Priority
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CREATE - Mark Goulston
- Keep the CHEMISTRY burning
- Treat your partner with RESPECT and earn his or hers
- Don't stop thinking about ENJOYMENT
- Give one another ACCEPTANCE despite flaws
- Deserve each other's TRUST
- Always keep in touch with EMPATHY
Wife's Basic Needs
- to be cherished
- to be known
- to be respected
Husband's Basic Needs
- to be appreciated
- to have autonomy
- to enjoy shared activities
Areas of Marital Negotiation
- Network Relationships (family and friends)
- Affection and Companionship
- Employment
- Financial Management
- Division of Labor
- Family Planning
- Leisure Time
- Sexuality
- Morality and Religion
Marital Satisfaction
Individual Traits
- POSITIVE: flexibility (relationship is always changing); assertive NOT aggressive
- NEGATIVE: anxiety or irritability (always walking on eggshells); depression (tend to withdraw and become distant); impulsivity (over-impulsive - act first, think later); overly self- conscious
Context
- our family of origin (it becomes normal and shapes how we parent
- age-median = 25 (life experiences, maturity, living your life)
- *financial stress*
- parent/ friends approval
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