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Exercise Physiology: CH. 14

Terms in this set (30)

Aging is associated with a decline in strength, with most of the decline occurring after age 50. The loss of strength is due, in part, to a loss of muscle mass; this age-related loss of muscle mass is termed
a. sarcopenia.
b. muscle fiber hypotrophy.
c. muscle fiber hyperplasia.
d. None of these is correct.
a
Which of the following statements about resistance training is NOT true?
a. Resistance training results in hypertrophy and strength gains in people aged 13-65 years old.
b. Resistance training results in hypertrophy and strength gains in young men and women less than 39 years old.
c. Resistance training results in hypertrophy and strength gains in people of all ages.
d. Resistance training DOES NOT promote hypertrophy and strength gains in people greater than 65 years old.
d
Muscles receive a neural activation signal from motor neurons located in the spinal cord. This neural signal is referred to as ________.
a. motor learning
b. efferent control
c. neural drive
d. motor endplate activation
c
A muscle (i.e., prime mover) that results in movement of a limb in the desired direction is labeled as _____________.
a. an antagonist
b. an agonist
c. a promoter
d. none of these is correct
b
During the first 8 weeks of a resistance training program, the initial increase in muscular strength is primarily due to
a. neural adaptations.
b. muscle fiber hypertrophy.
c. muscle fiber hyperplasia.
d. Both muscle fiber hypertrophy and muscle fiber hyperplasia are correct.
a
A single bout of resistance exercise training increases muscle protein synthesis by as much as ______% above resting levels?
a. 20-30
b. 35-45
c. 50-150
d. 200-300
c
Following a single bout of resistance exercise training, muscle protein synthesis can remain elevated above sedentary levels for as much as ______ in both trained and untrained individuals.
a. 10-15 hours
b. 15-20 hours
c. 20-25 hours
d. 35-50 hours
d
A single bout of resistance exercise training results in an increase in skeletal muscle protein synthesis. This exercise-induced increase in muscle protein synthesis can occur within _____ following the exercise session.
a. seconds
b. minutes
c. hours
d. days
c
The term cross-education refers to ___________________.
a. the observation that if one limb engages in resistance training, muscular strength increases in the untrained (contralateral) limb
b. the observation that if one limb engages in resistance training, muscular strength does NOT increase in the untrained (contralateral) limb
c. the observation that if one limb engages in resistance training, muscular strength decreases in the untrained (contralateral) limb
d. None of these is true
a
Neural drive is defined as ___________________________________.
a. the size of the motor units activated during muscular contraction
b. the magnitude of the efferent neural output from the central nervous system to the motor units and the muscle fibers that they activate
c. the amount of afferent feedback to the central nervous system during exercise
d. the amplitude of the neural output from the cerebellum during exercise
b
An important physiological factor that may contribute to the inhibition of motor unit activation during resistance training is ____________.
a. the muscle spindle
b. the inhibitory neurotransmitter acetylcholine
c. the Golgi tendon organ
d. both the muscle spindle and the Golgi tendon organ are correct
c
Resistance training increases the specific force production of ________.
a. type I muscle fibers
b. type IIa muscle fibers
c. type IIx muscle fibers
d. all muscle fiber types
a
The term hyperplasia refers to ________________.
a. muscle hypertrophy
b. an increase in muscle plasticity
c. an increase in the total number of muscle fibers
d. None of these is correct
c
Resistance training results in a __________________.
a. fast-to-slow shift in muscle fiber types
b. slow-to-fast shift in muscle fiber types
c. decrease in the number of slow muscle fibers
d. None of these is correct
a
Resistance training results in an increase in the rate of contractile protein synthesis which is matched by _________________.
a. an increase in mitochondrial protein synthesis
b. an increase in the expansion of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
c. a decrease in synthesis of antioxidant enzymes
d. an increase in the synthesis of collagen in tendons and ligaments
d
A major regulator of protein synthesis and muscle size is ____________.
a. TSC2
b. the lysosome
c. tyrosine
d. mTOR
d
Growing evidence reveals that, independent of resistance exercise, ____________ can activate mTOR and promote small increases in muscle protein synthesis.
a. the amino acid taurine
b. the amino acid leucine
c. an increase in the muscle levels of TSC2
d. all of these are correct
b
Several hormones have the potential to increase muscle protein synthesis. These include:
a. testosterone, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and growth hormone
b. testosterone, cortisol, and growth hormone
c. insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), glucocorticoids, and growth hormone
d. testosterone, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and parathyroid hormone
a
Research reveals that resistance training induced muscle hypertrophy is associated with an increase in myonuclei. The source of these additional myonuclei is _____________.
a. from circulating stem cells that attach to muscle fibers
b. via the division of existing nuclei in the muscle fibers
c. via hyperplasia resulting in the addition of new muscle fibers
d. via satellite cell activation
d
It is estimated that _______% of the differences in muscle mass between individuals can be explained by genetic variation.
a. 30
b. 50
c. 80
d. 90
c
By comparison to the rate of detraining following endurance training, the rate of detraining (i.e., loss of muscular strength) following a resistance training program is _________.
a. slower
b. faster
c. approximately equal
d. extremely rapid with 90% of the strength loss occurring within the first 10 days of detraining
a
The phenomenon that previous strength training accelerates the re-acquisition of both muscular strength and hypertrophy is commonly referred to as _________.
a. motor learning
b. the boomerang effect
c. satellite cell phenomenon
d. muscle memory
d
Prolonged inactivity of skeletal muscle leads to rapid muscle atrophy; this occurs due to:
a. a decrease in muscle protein synthesis
b. increased protein breakdown in muscle fibers
c. both a decrease in muscle protein synthesis and increased protein breakdown in muscle fibers are correct
d. None of these is correct
c
The addition of myonuclei to growing muscle fibers ______________.
a. appears to be essential for optimal muscle hypertrophy in response to resistance training
b. is clearly NOT essential for optimal muscle hypertrophy in response to resistance training
c, is likely required to maintain the high level of transcriptional capacity needed to synthesize muscle proteins and allow muscle fibers to grow during resistance training
d. Both appears to be essential for optimal muscle hypertrophy in response to resistance training and is likely required to maintain the high level of transcriptional capacity needed to synthesize muscle proteins and allow muscle fibers to grow during resistance training are correct
d
In resting skeletal muscle fibers, Ras homologue enriched brain (Rheb) activation of mTOR is inhibited by ______.
a. phosphatidic acid
b. tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2)
c. IGF-1
d. none of these answers is correct
b
Increased production of radicals in skeletal muscles during periods of prolonged inactivity (prolonged bedrest) and promotes muscle atrophy because:
a. oxidative stress activates proteases in muscle fibers
b. oxidative stress decreases protein synthesis in muscle fibers
c. oxidative stress prevents mTOR activation
d. All of these are correct
d
Several factors contribute to neural drive. Which one of the following factors is NOT a contributor to neural drive?
a. total number of motor units activated
b. the firing rate of the motor neuron
c. activation of the Golgi tendon organ
d. motor unit synchronization
c
It is established that resistance exercise training promotes an increase in muscle protein synthesis by activating the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) which results in increased protein synthesis. Recent evidence suggests that two signaling molecules interact to directly activate mTOR. These molecules are:
a. IGF-1 and Akt
b. IGF-1 and phosphatidic acid
c. IGF-1 and Ras homologue enriched brain (Rheb)
d. phosphatidic acid and Ras homologue enriched brain (Rheb)
d
Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain why concurrent endurance and resistance (strength) training impedes strength development compared to strength training alone. Which of the following mechanisms have NOT been proposed to explain why concurrent training impedes strength development?
a. Neural factors
b. Overtraining
c. Depressed muscle protein synthesis
d. none of these is correct
d
In theory, concurrent resistance and endurance exercise training can impair muscle protein synthesis following a bout of resistance exercise. The proposed mechanism to explain this inhibition is _____________________________________.
a. AMP kinase activation of TSC2
b. AMP kinase activation of mTOR
c. AMP kinase activation of PGC-1α
d. p38 activation of TSC2
a
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