Upgrade to remove ads
Only $2.99/month

GED Science

Terms in this set (104)

Mitosis
cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes
Meiosis
Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
organic molecules
contain skeleton structures of carbon with hydrogen and oxygen
DNA
A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
Nucleotide
monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
RNA
A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages
Diploid
(genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number (46 chromosomes)
Haploid
(genetics) an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes (23 chromosomes)
Codon
A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid
Amino acids
building blocks of proteins
Prokaryotic
An organism whose cells do not have an enclosed nucleus, such as bacteria.
Eukaryotic
A cell characterized by the presence of a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotes can be unicellular (protists) or multicellular (fungi, plants and animals).
Organelle
A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
Anaerobic
Process that does not require oxygen
Glycolysis
A metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and release energy for the body in the form of ATP (anaerobic)
Krebs cycle
second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into (6) carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions
electron transport chain
A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.
Pyruvate
Organic compound with a backbone of three carbon atoms. Two molecules form as end products of glycolysis
NADH
the reduced form of NAD+; an electron-carrying molecule that functions in cellular respiration
Calvin Cycle
reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars
Carbohydrates
the starches and sugars present in foods
Lipids
Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
double helix
Shape of DNA
Nucleosome
repeating subunit of chromatin fibers, consisting of DNA coiled around histones
Histones
protein molecules around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin
Chromatin
Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell
Chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
Chromatid
one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome
somatic cells
Any cells in the body other than reproductive cells
Gammetes
sex cells
Chloroplast
An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
ADP
(Adenosine Diphosphate) The compound that remains when a phosphate group is removed from ATP, releasing energy
NADPH
An electron carrier involved in photosynthesis. Light drives electrons from chlorophyll to NADP+, forming NADPH, which provides the high-energy electrons for the reduction of carbon dioxide to sugar in the Calvin cycle.
Allele
An alternative form of a gene.
Homozygous
An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
Heterozygous
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
dominant allele
An allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present.
recessive allele
An allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote.
Genotype
genetic makeup of an organism
Phenotype
An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
Punnett Square
A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross
Epistasis
A type of gene interaction in which one gene alters the phenotypic effects of another gene that is independently inherited.
Codominance
A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive.
incomplete dominance
Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele
Ecosystem
A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
Ecology
Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment
symbiotic
involving a close relationship of mutual dependence
parasitic
living at the expense of another; sponging
mutualistic
both organisms benefit
Commensalistic
one population benefits and one is unaffected
Decomposer
An organism that breaks down wastes and dead organisms
Biome
group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities
keystone species
A species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem
Human Anatomy
Digestive system, Mouth and tough, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, rectum, anus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas (in order)
Physiology
the study of how the body and its parts work or function
Homeostatisis
the maintenance of a constant internal state in a changing environment
genitourinary
pertaining to the genitalia and urinary tract
Kidneys
Filter blood from the renal arteries and produce urine as waste
Bladder
stores urine
uranary trat
urine passes through it
renal pelvis
central collecting region in the kidney
ureter
A duct leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
Urethra
tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
prostate
a gland surrounding the neck of the bladder in male mammals and releasing prostatic fluid.
penis
Male reproductive organ
respiratory system
mouth, nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, right lung (3 lobes) - upper, middle, lower, left lung (2 lobes) - upper, lower, bronchiole, alveoli (last two are in the lungs) (in order, more or less)
circulatory system
deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium and then the right ventricle, then the pulmonary artery, then pulmonary lungs, then pulmonary veins, then left atrium, then left ventricle, then the body
Heart (4 chambers)
right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle
Arteries
carry blood away from the heart
Veins
Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart
Aorta
The large arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body.
capaillaries
tiny blood vessels that wrap around the alveoli that allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to go into the blood
Bones shapes
long, short, flat, irregular
Muscular System
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.
skeletal muscle
A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones.
smooth muscle
Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body
cardiac muscle
Muscle of the heart
immune system
A system (including the thymus and bone marrow and lymphoid tissues) that protects the body from foreign substances and pathogenic organisms by producing the immune response
B cells
produce antibodies
T cells
Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body.
Helper T cells
T cells that help the immune system by increasing the activity of killer cells and stimulating the suppressor T cells
Killer T cells
Lymphocytes that use enzymes to destroy the cell membranes of bacteria and other foreign invaders.
memory cells
General term for lymphocytes that are responsible for immunological memory and protective immunity.
Antibodies
Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents
Antigens
Foreign material that invades the body
nervous system
the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems
Cerebrum
Area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body
Cerebellum
A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.
Medulla
the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing
central nervous system
consists of the brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
Dandrites
thin receptive branches in the neurons
Axons
Carry impulses away from the cell body
endocrine system
the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
male reproductive system
serves to produce sperm and introduce them into the female body
vas deferens
tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra
fallopian tubes
where fertilization takes place
sperm cell
male reproductive cell
egg cell
female reproductive cell
Hypothesis
a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation
Glucose
...
YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE...