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Anth 102 Final Terms

Terms in this set (108)

(postmarital) residence of a person with a mother's brother (usually a couple with the husband's maternal uncle)

husband works for a specified period of time for wife's family in exchange for marital rights

Bride Price/Bridewealth

gift before marriage from the husband and his kin to the wife and her kin

a unilineal descent group or category whose members trace patrilineal or matrilineal descent from an apical [of, at, or forming the apex] ancestor/ancestress, but they DO NOT KNOW the genealogical links that connect them to that ancestor

children of one's parents' siblings of the opposite sex

a relationship defined by connections to an ancestor/ancestress through culturally recognized sequences of parent-child links

a kin group whose membership is based on a rule of descent (not simply of consanguinal kinship). Appropriate descent status (patrilineal, matrilineal) entitles the person to be a member of the group

wife's group provides substantial gifts to the husband's family. If dowry is insufficient can be grounds for harassment or abuse of the bride

reproduction and marriage within a group to which one belongs

seeking a spouse outside of one's own group

Extended/Joint Family [Kinship]

domestic group consisting of two or more nuclear families linked together through parent and child or through siblings

Fictive Kinship

a relationship (such as godparent) modeled on relations of kinship, but created by custom/convention rather than circumstances of birth

Fraternal Polyandry

The husbands are brothers

a system in which a dead man's brother (or equivalent close male relative) succeeds to his status as husband by marrying his widow

a unilineal descent group based on patrilineal descent (patrilineage) or matrilineal descent (matrilineage) whose members trace descent from an apical ancestor/ancestress by KNOWN genealogical links

based on relationship on the mother's side

Matrilineal Descent

people join the mother's group automatically at birth and remain a member throughout life

married couples live with the wife's mother's community and their children grow up in their mother's village

residence of a couple after marriage in a new household not connected
spatially to the groom's or bride's kin

Parallel Cousins

children of one's parents' same-sex siblings

Patrilineal Descent

automatically have lifetime membership in father's group. The children of the groups men join the group, but the children of female members of that group are excluded

based on relationship through the father's side

when a couple marries, they move to the husband's father's community so that the children grow up in that community. Patrilocality is associated with patrilineal descent

one wife more than one husband

plural marriage

marriage of one man to more than one woman

form of secondary marriage in which, upon the death of a wife, her sister or some close female relative marries the surviving husband

one line descent such as patrilineal or matrilineal

residence of married couple with the wife's kin (also referred to as
matrilocal)

residence of a married couple with the husband's kin (also referred to as patrilocal)

Variations in a single language based on factors such as region, subculture, ethnic identity, and socioeconomic class.

The study of units of meaning in language

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis/Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

The idea that language profoundly shapes the perceptions and worldview of its speakers [language influences the perceptions and thought patterns of those who speak it]

Ambilocal Residence

Residence form in which couples choose whether to live with the wife's or husband's family

In-laws, or people related by marriage

Bilocal Residence

Postmarital Residence in which couples move between the households of both sets of parents

"Blood" relatives, or people related by birth

Extended Family [Textbook]

A group of related nuclear families

Several women and several men are married to one another simultaneously

A dwelling or compound usually inhabited by consanguineous and affinal relatives or fictive kin who cooperate and share resources; in some contexts, a kin group of one or more nuclear families living in the same physical space

Prohibition against sexual intercourse between certain kinds of relatives

A group of people who culturally conceive themselves to be relatives, cooperate in certain activities, and share a sense of identity as kinfolk

Marriage Alliances

The relationships created between families or kin groups by intermarriage

Matrifocal Family

Family Group consisting of a mother and her children, with a male only loosely attached or not present at all

Each individual is allowed to have only one spouse at a time

Family group consisting of a married couple and their offspring

Postmarital Residence Pattern

Where the majority of newly married couples establish their own residence

Bilateral Kinship

Kinship system in which individuals trace their kinship relationships equally through both parents

Cognatic Descent

Form of descent in which relationships may be traced through both females and males

Cognatic Descent Group

A group of relatives created by tracing relationships through both females and males

Cultural Construction of Kinship

The idea that the kinship relationships a given people recognize do not perfectly reflect biological relationships; reflected in the kinship terminology

All the bilateral relatives of an individual

The words (labels) that an individual uses to refer to his or her relatives of various kinds

Kinship Terminology

The logically consistent system by which people classify their relatives into labeled categories, or into "kinds of relatives"

Nonunilineal Descent

Form of descent in which individuals do not regularly associate with either patrilineal or matrilineal relatives, but make choices about who to live with, whose land to use, and so forth

Unilineally Extended Families

Family grouping formed by tracing kinship relationship through only one sex, either female or male, but not both

Cultural Construction of Gender

The idea that the characteristics a people contribute to males and females are culturally, not biologically, determined

The rights and duties individuals have because of their perceived identities as males, females, or another gender category

Gender Stratification

The degree to which males and females are unequal in dimensions such as status, power, or influence, access to valued resources, eligibility for social positions, and ability to make decisions about their own lives

Gendered Division of Labour

The kinds of productive activities (tasks) assigned to women versus men in a culture

Multiple Gender Identities

Definitions of sexual identities beyond the male and female duality, including third and fourth genders such as man-woman and woman-man

Sexual Dimorphism

Physical differences based on genetic differences between females and males

A named social group based on perceptions of shared ancestry, cultural traditions, and common history that culturally distinguish that group from other groups

A social division based on national origin, religion, language, and often race. Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions.

Hierarchical Nesting

Occurs when an ethnic group is part of a larger collection of ethnic groups, which together constitute a higher level of ethnic identity

The collective history of an ethnic group that defines which subgroups are part of it and its relationship to other ethnic groups

Ethnic Boundary Markers

Any overt characteristics that can be used to indicate ethnic group membership

The creation of a new ethnic group

An ethnic group that claims a right to a discrete homeland and to political autonomy and self-determination

A geographical region over which a particular ethnic group feels it has exclusive rights

Subnationalities

A dependent subgroup within a larger nationality that lacks the concept of a separate homeland and makes no claim to any inherent right to political autonomy and self-determination

Members of an ethnic community living outside their country of origin

A form of complex society in which many people live in cities

Ethnic Homogenization

The attempt to create a single ethnic group in a particular geographical region

The merging of the members of one ethnic group into another, with the consequent abandonment of the former group's identity

The enforced assimilation of ethnic groups, in which the dominant ethnic group places legal restrictions on the actions of the members of the other group

The creation of social and political systems that provide for and support ethnic group differences

Applied Anthropology

Subfield whose practitioners use anthropological methods, theories, and concepts to solve practical, real-world problems; practitioners are often employed by a governmental agency or private organization.

Indigenous Peoples

Culturally distinct peoples who have occupied a region longer than people who have colonized or immigrated to the region

Inequality Explanation of Hunger

Notion that hunger is not caused by absolute scarcity but by the unequal distribution of resources and how these resources are used

Medical Anthropology

The subfield that researches the connection between cultural beliefs and habits and the spread and treatment of diseases and illnesses

Scarcity Explanation of Hunger

holds that there is not enough land, water, and other resources to feed all the people of a country or region an adequate diet, given current technology

Technology-Transfer Solution

The notion that developing nations can best solve their hunger problems by adopting the technology and production methods of modern mechanized agriculture

Studies of changes in a culture over time

The transfer of goods for goods between two ore more individuals or groups

Balanced Reciprocity

The exchange of goods considered to have roughly equal value; social purposes actually motivate the exchange

General Reciprocity

The giving of goods without expectation of a return of equal value at any definite future time

Negative Reciprocity

Exchange motivated by the desire to obtain goods, in which the parties try to gain all the material goods they can

Cultural Relativism

The notion that one should not judge the behaviour of other peoples using the standards of one's own culture

The attitude or opinion that the morals, values, and customs of one's own culture are superior to those of other peoples

Ethnographic Methods

Research methodologies used to describe a contemporary or historically recent culture

A written description of the way of life of some human population

Ethnographic research that involves obeserving and interviewing the members of a culture to describe their current way of life

Holistic Perspective

The assumption that any aspect of a culture is integrated with other aspects, so that no dimension of culture can be understood in isolation

the theory that the parts of any whole cannot exist and cannot be understood except in their relation to the whole; refers to the study of the whole of the human condition: past, present, and future; biology, society, language, and culture

Informant (consultant)

A member of a society who provides information to a fieldworker, often through formal interviews or surveys

Collecting cultural data by systematic questioning; may be structured (using questionnaires) or unstructured (open-ended)

Key Informant (consultant)

A member of a society who is especially knowledgeable about some subject and who supplies information to a fieldworker

Linguistic Anthropology (Anthropological Linguistics)

Subfield that focuses on the interrelationships between language and other aspects of a people's culture

the scientific study of the structure, sounds, origin, and meaning of language

Exchange by means of buying and selling, using money

Participant Observation

The main technique used in conducting ethnographic fieldwork, involving living among a people and participating in their daily activities

Patterns of Behaviour

Within a single culture, the behaviour most people perform when they are in certain culturally defined situations

The working relationship between the researcher and the members of the community he or she is studying

Social Distance

The degree to which cultural norms specify that two individuals or groups should be helpful to, intimate with, or emotionally attach to one another

The process of social learning of culture by children

Cultural differences characteristic of members of various ethnic groups, regions, religions, and so forth, within a single society or country

The description of a culture at one period in time

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