Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1

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As solutes are pumped against their concentration gradient, free energy is increased as entropy decreases. (T/F)
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Terms in this set (35)
As solutes are pumped against their concentration gradient, free energy is increased as entropy decreases. (T/F)
True
In some proteins, a hydrogen bond may form between
a) a positive R group on one amino acid and a negatively charged carbohydrate
b) a negatively charged R group on one amino acid and a positively charged nucleic acid
c) a positive R group on one amino acid and a negatively charged R group on another amino acid
d) none are correct
c) a positive R group on one amino acid and a negatively charged R group on another amino acid
Enzyme catalyzed reactions always release free energy. (T/F)
False
Sarin, a nerve gas, was released into the Tokyo subway system in 1995 injuring more than 5000 people. Sarin blocked the active sites of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which degrades acetylcholine, a compound that causes muscles to contract. Over-contraction of muscles can cause asphyxiation. What is the biological term for this nerve gas?
a) activator
b) cofactor
c) coenzyme
d) binding site
e) competitive inhibitor
e) competitive inhibitor
graphically illustrate the free energy and entropy change associated with the following reaction: ATP--> ADP + Pi. Be sure to label the activation energy. would you predict this to be a spontaneous reaction?
spontaneous
Image: graphically illustrate the free energy and entropy change associated with the following reaction: ATP--> ADP + Pi. Be sure to label the activation energy. would you predict this to be a spontaneous reaction?
What type of transport is required to get a small, hydrophobic black molecule into the cell?
a) primary active transport
b) secondary active symport
c) facilitated diffusion
d) secondary active antiport
e) simple diffusion
e) simple diffusion
Which data represent allosteric inhibition?
(A)
(B)
(None of the above)
(B)
Image: Which data represent allosteric inhibition? (A) (B) (None of the above)
Select all that apply
a) lactate is reduced to pyruvate
b) the reaction is endergonic
c) the reaction is not spontaneous
d) pyruvate is oxidized
e) NADH is reduced
f) all are correct
g) none are correct
g) none are correct
Image: Select all that apply a) lactate is reduced to pyruvate b) the reaction is endergonic c) the reaction is not spontaneous d) pyruvate is oxidized e) NADH is reduced f) all are correct g) none are correct
Which molecule would you predict moves through a lipid bilayer most rapidly without the help of a transport protein?
a) C6H12O6
b) CH3OH
c) C2H5OH
d) C4H10
e) NH2SO2CH3
d) C4H10
Name the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction
a) Glucophosphatase
b) Glucose dehydrogenase
c) Glucose isomerase
d) Glucokinase
d) Glucokinase
Image: Name the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction a) Glucophosphatase b) Glucose dehydrogenase c) Glucose isomerase d) Glucokinase
Check all that apply. When a voltage-gated Na+ channel opens in a human neuron: a) the neuron becomes hyperpolarized b) Na+ leaves the cell c) Entropy increases d) the cell membrane approaches the reversal potential of Na+ at -89mVc) Entropy increasesCheck all that apply: a) Peptide bond is formed b) the result of the reaction is a polysaccharide c) the reaction is anabolic d) the reaction is spontaneousc) the reaction is anabolicIn the final step of enzymatic catalysis, a) the substrate is released and the enzyme is inactivated. b) the product is completed and the enzyme is inactivated. c) the products are released and the enzyme is free to bind other substrates. d) the enzyme and substrate form chemical bonds with each other resulting in a new product. e) equilibrium is obtained so that the enzyme does not catalyze further reactions.c) the products are released and the enzyme is free to bind other substrates.Proteins are a) polymers made up of repeating monomers b) polymers of fats joined together by glycosidic linkages c) monomers made of amino acids joined together by covalent bonds d) polymers of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds between R groups e) none of the abovee) none of the aboveThe sequence of amino acids in a protein is _________. a) the primary structure b) determined by genes c) secondary structure d) both A and B are correctd) both A and B are correctWhat organelle is affected with each syndrome:Cystic Fibrosis--> Plasma Membrane ALD "Adreno-Leukodystrophy" --> peroxisomes Pompe --> Lysosomes PCD AKA Kartagener --> microtubulesWhen a small, polar solute binds to a membrane protein that then changes shape and transports the solute across the membrane, the process is known as a) simple diffusion b) channel-mediated diffusion c) carrier-mediated diffusion d) active transport e) endocytosisc) carrier-mediated diffusionProlonged inhibition of NA+/K+ ATPase would result in a) hyper polarization of the membrane b) decrease of sodium concentration inside the cell c) accumulation of Cl- ions inside the cell d) accumulation of glucose outside the celld) accumulation of glucose outside the cellBlocking K+ leak channels would a) hyperpolarize the membrane b) decrease the electrochemical gradient for Na+ c) increase the electrochemical gradient for Cl- d) all are correct e) none are correctb) decrease the electrochemical gradient for Na+The reversal potential of Na+ is determined to be +58 mV, which means at +70mV a) the chemical gradient of Na+ is reversed b) Na+ is pulled inside the cell c) Increase the electrochemical gradient for Cl- d) all are correct e) none are correctc) Increase the electrochemical gradient for Cl-A mutation in hepatocytes (liver cells) results in proteins inability to change shapes when bound to polar molecules. This mutation would effect (select all that apply) a) K+ leak channels b) Na+/K+ ATPase c) aquaporin d) none are correctb) Na+/K+ ATPaseA genetic mutation occurs in nephrons (kidney cells involved in the reabsorption of glucose) that results in the inability of proteins to change shape when bound by polar molecules and prevents Na+ leak channels from functioning. You would predict which of the following (select all that apply) a) decrease in extra-cellular Na+ b) increase in intra-cellular glucose concentration c) increase depolarization of the membrane d) increase in extra-cellular glucose concentration e) osmotic lysis of nephrons f) crenation of nephronsa) decrease in extra-cellular Na+ c) increase depolarization of the membrane d) increase in extra-cellular glucose concentrationPredict the molecular formula of resulting from the covalent interaction between the theoretical atoms Leb with the atomic number 14 and Ron with the atomic number of 35. a) Leb2Ron3 b) LebRon3 c) LebRon4 d) none of the abovec) LebRon4A cell is injected with ion X and placed into a solution without X. The following potentials are measured inside and outside the cell, yet there is no net flow of X ions. Why? a) X must be transported via facilitated diffusion, but there is no transport protein b) there is no permeability for X c) X is a cation, so it remains in the cell d) X must be transported via active transport, and there is no ATPc) X is a cation, so it remains in the cellWhat sort of transporters would be required to move glucose from the blood to the lumen. The apical side faces the lumen, while the basolateral side of the cell is the one closer to the capillary system a) apical sodium/glucose symporter and basolateral Na/K pump and glucose channel b) apical glucose channel and basolateral Na/K pump and sodium/glucose antiporter c) apical glucose channel and basolateral Na/K pump and Na/glucose antiporter d) apical Na/glucose antiporter and basolateral Na/K pump and glucose channeld) apical Na/glucose antiporter and basolateral Na/K pump and glucose channelPolar R groups of closely positioned amino acids often enter into ____________ with each other, which helps give a protein its 3D shape a) hydrophobic interactions b) ionic bonds c) hydrogen bonding d) van dar waal repulsions e) sulfur-carbon bondsc) hydrogen bondingWhen biological molecules engage in dehydration, such reactions are ___________ reactions. a) synthesis b) hydrolysis c) catabolic d) amphipathic e) ergonomica) synthesisYou place the semi-permeable membrane in a beaker of water. What will the final concentration of Na+ on the left side of membrane after 24hrs? a) 100g b) 200g c) 140g d) 60g e) none of the abovec) 140gPredict where you would see radio labeled leucine at the following intervals after the chase pulse experiment. 5min: 10min: 15min:5min: Rough ER 10min: Smooth ER 15min: Golgi ApparatusOsmosis is the net flow of water from one side of a _____________ permeable membrane to the other.selectivelyThe normal movement of water across this membrane is from high to low __________ concentration.waterA high concentration of water has ___________ dissolved particles than a low water concentrationlessDuring Osmosis, water will move _________ the concentration gradient until equilibrium has been reached.downExocytosis is a process by which cells a) release substances from the cell through pores in the cell membrane b) release substances from the cell via vesicles c) release substances from the cell via carrier proteins d) bring in substances from the outside via vesicles e) bring in substances from the outside via pores in the cellb) release substances from the cell via vesiclesLysosomes are membrane0bound vesicles that arise from the a) nucleus b) mitochondria c) endoplasmic reticulum d) Golgi apparatus e) cell membraned) Golgi apparatus