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Thyroid gland Pathology

Terms in this set (99)

Hyperpituitarism
-Most common cause: hormone producing adenoma arising in anterior lobe
-Most produce a SINGLE predominant hormone
-Nonfunctional tumors come to clinical attention at a LATER stage & may encroach, destroy adjacent pituitary parenchyma
(Functional/ Nonfunctional) pituitary gland tumors come to clinical attention much later.
Non-functional
Benign adenoma tumors are classified into 2 types:

What is a major difference between the two?
Functional & Non-functional tumor

Functional: Hormone producing
Nonfunctional: not producing hormone
1st most common type of functional pituitary adenoma:

2nd most common type of functional pituitary adenoma:
Prolactinoma ;

Growth hormone-producing adenoma
Growth hormone-producing adenoma leads to 2 clinical conditions:
1. Gigantism
2. Acromegaly
Gigantism vs. Acromegaly:
Gigantism - GH-producing adenoma occurs BEFORE epiphyseal plate closure

Acromegaly - GH-producing adenoma occurs AFTER epiphyseal plate closure (occurs in adults)
Explain how GH-producing adenoma leads to Gigantism and acromegaly:
Excess Growth hormone stimulates liver to secrete Insulin-like growth factor-1 → overgrowth of bones and muscles
Clinical presentation of Gigantism vs Acromegaly:
<gigantism>
-Generalized increase in body size
-Disproportionately long arms and legs

<acromegaly>
-Enlarged hand and feet (small bones)
-Broad, sausage-like fingers
-Mandibular prognathism (Class III)
-separation between teeth
-NO GROWTH in the LONG BONES (b/c epiphyseal plates closed)
Enlargement & broadening of fingers, hand, and feet are characteristic of (Gigantism / acromegaly)
Acromegaly
If an edentulous patient comes into clinic and complains that the denture doesn't fit anymore, it's most likely due to ___________________.
Acromegaly
If a patient comes into clinic and complains that the hat doesn't fit anymore, it's most likely due to ___________________.
Acromegaly
You would typically see growth in LONG bones in (Gigantism/ Acromegaly)

You would typically see growth in SMALL bones in (Gigantism/ Acromegaly)
Gigantism ;

Acromegaly
list all possible complications of Acromegaly:
-Diabetes mellitus
-Generalized muscle weakness
-Hypertension
-Arthritis
-Gonadal dysfunction
-Congestive heart failure
-Increased risk of GI cancer
Which thyroid disease causes Diabetes mellitus?

Explain:
Acromegaly (Hyperpituitarism)

Growth hormone induces peripheral insulin resistance →insulin doesn't work correctly → pt becomes hyperglycemic
List all thyroid pathologies:
-Hyperthyroidism
-Graves disease
-Hypothyroidism
-Chronic lymphocytic (Hashimoto) thyroiditis
-Papillary carcinoma
-Follicular carcinoma
-Medullary carcinoma
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