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CH 7 ap psych

Terms in this set (48)

Raj, a four-year-old child, learned to open the door to a classroom by pulling on the handle. Now whenever he approaches any door he pulls on the handle and is confused when that does not work. This is best explained by Raj's having developed which of the following for door opening?
A mental set
A basic assumption underlying short-term memory is that it is
limited in capacity
A prototype is best defined as
the hypothetical "most typical" instance of a category
According to the information-processing view of memory, the first stage in memory processing involves
encoding
In the morning, Jorge watched a cartoon about a sarcastic rabbit. Later, in his psychology class, he viewed the image above and readily identified it as a rabbit instead of a duck. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?
Priming
When Amy was seven years of age, she had a babysitter from France. During this time Amy learned to speak a little French. Years later, when Amy got to college, she signed up for a beginning French class. Amy learned the material in her French class much more quickly than her classmates did. Amy's rapid learning was most likely due to
implicit memory
Brad hears a report on the evening news that diets low in carbohydrates are beneficial to one's health. Considering this advice, he begins such a diet. Later he hears another report condemning low-carbohydrate diets as harmful to one's health. Based upon research on belief perseverance, how would Brad respond to this new information?
Continue to believe in the beneficial effects of low-carbohydrate diets
During English class, Caleb is worried about an unfinished history project he needs to turn in later in the day. While the English teacher and other students discuss a short story the class just read, Caleb's attention is focused on how to finish the history project. The next day he is unable to recall the short story details presented in English class. The recall problem is most likely due to
encoding failure
The cerebellum is most directly involved in
motor learning
Chuck recalls the day last summer when he fell off his bicycle and scraped his knee. This is an example of
episodic memory
Maeve wants to change her college major but has decided not to because she is close to finishing. She believes that the time she has spent in her current program will be wasted if she changes now. Maeve is experiencing
the sunk-cost fallacy
Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the role of context effects in memory?
Amy studied for a vocabulary test in the same classroom and at the same time of day as the normal class, and she performed better on the test than students who studied in different classrooms under different conditions.
When Cory is given a logic problem to solve, he systematically tries every possible solution until he finds the correct answer. Cory's strategy is to use
an algorithm
According to research by Fergus I. M. Craik and Endel Tulving on levels of processing, which of the following would most improve the ability to recall the word "umbrella"?
Deciding whether an umbrella would be useful to pack for a trip
Denny does not have wrapping paper to use to wrap a birthday present, and so he decides to use colorful newspaper comics instead. Denny's solution demonstrates that he has overcome
functional fixedness
The difficulty many people have recalling the details of common objects such as pennies can best be explained by
a lack of encoding
People who have difficulty remembering recently learned materials because of similar information learned earlier in life are demonstrating the phenomenon of
proactive interference
Dr. Roberts conducts a study in which one group of participants counts the number of syllables in each member of a list of twenty words, and the second group creates stories from the same set of words. When later asked to write down as many of the previously seen words as possible, the second group of participants recalls more words than the first group. This study shows the importance of
semantic encoding
Which of the following best illustrates Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve?
Erik studied Italian in college. After he graduated, he went backpacking in Europe, where he realized he had forgotten a lot of Italian. Years later, he went on another trip to Italy and was surprised to discover that he remembered about the same amount of Italian as during his first trip.
Elena is presented with a list of 20 numbers. When asked to recall this list, she remembers more numbers from the beginning than from the end of the list. This phenomenon demonstrates which of the following types of effect?
Primacy
Professor Belvedere wants to help her anatomy students memorize the names of different parts of the body. Which of the following techniques will best help her students?
Asking them questions about the meaning of each word
Piper reads about someone described as adventurous and extroverted. She then judges that this person is more likely to be a lawyer who enjoys hiking than a lawyer who does not. The best explanation for Piper's error is that she is basing her judgment on
the representativeness heuristic
Jim has seen reports of a number of cases of Ebola on the news. He is more afraid of contracting Ebola than tuberculosis, even though the risk of infection of tuberculosis is greater than that of Ebola. Jim's fear would most likely be attributed to
the availability heuristic
After having a stroke resulting from a blockage of blood to the medial temporal lobe, Gerald could not remember new information, such as the books he had just read, new songs he had just heard, or the faces of new people he had just met. Gerald was experiencing
anterograde amnesia
The chart above illustrates which of the following psychological concepts?
Serial position effect
Tom believes he performed poorly on his last three history exams because of bad luck. As a result, he believes he is due for a good score on the next exam and does not study because he is sure he will perform well. The error in his thinking is most likely attributable to
the gambler's fallacy
In an experiment, either a sad video or a happy video was shown to participants to influence their moods. The participants were then asked to memorize a list of words. Later, the participants were again shown either the same video they had seen before memorizing the words or they were shown the other video, and they were then asked to recall the words they had memorized previously. The results of the experiment, summarized in the chart above, best illustrate which psychological concept?
State-dependent memory
Hillary glances at a graph and then turns her head away less than a second later. When she tries to immediately remember what she saw, which of the following types of memory does Hillary use?
Iconic
In elementary school, Lisa learned to speak some Japanese in addition to English. As a sophomore in high school, Lisa took a class in Chinese. She found that some of the new vocabulary was difficult to learn because her earlier Japanese vocabulary was competing with the new Chinese words. This situation best illustrates
proactive interference
Although she has not sustained any injuries, Riley cannot remember anything before the age of three. She is most likely experiencing
infantile amnesia
When Joe arrives at the library, he can choose from any of several strategies that might help him find the book he needs. He could examine all the books on every shelf, and be certain that he would eventually find the book he wants, but this strategy would take too long. Joe decides instead to ask a librarian to direct him to the appropriate section of the library. Joe is using
a heuristic
Jordan learns a trick to solve one particular type of math problem. He then uses the same trick to solve other types of math problems, even though it does not work and he keeps getting the wrong answer. Jordan's use of the trick is an example of
a mental set
If Juan tried to learn a long list of words, he would be most likely to forget words that
appeared in the middle of the list
Wolfgang Köhler considered a chimpanzee's sudden solving of a problem evidence of
insight
In Elizabeth Loftus' study of memory reconstruction in which students viewed films of an automobile accident, the major influence on recall was the
wording of questions the students were asked about the accident
Which of the following occurs during long-term potentiation?
Memory improves because neural pathways are strengthened.
A man sustains a head injury. After the injury, he is able to tie his shoes, but he does not recall where he lives. Which aspect of the man's memory is intact and which aspect is dysfunctional, respectively?
Procedural and semantic
When Gustavo goes through lists of inventory items and thinks about whether each one is a fruit or not, he remembers more of the items on those lists later than when he goes through lists of inventory items and does not think about what each item is. Which of the following concepts best explains Gustavo's performance?
Elaborative encoding, because engaging in deeper processing improves memory.
Dr. Rudolph's class has a big test coming up next week. Which of the following students is using a studying strategy that is most likely to lead to memory consolidation?
Elizabeth studies for a half hour before she goes to bed each night the week before the exam.
A few people witness an assault. Before the police arrive, one witness confidently tells the others that the assailant was wearing a green shirt, though in fact the shirt was blue. Later, when the police interview each witness individually, almost all of them state that they remember a green shirt. The memory error is referred to as
the misinformation effect
Memory for automatic activities, such as bike riding and handwriting, is known as
procedural
Which process transfers information from sensory memory to short-term memory?
Attention
Which of the following psychologists is most strongly associated with research on false memories?
Elizabeth Loftus
A teacher asks students to think of as many uses for a brick as possible. By listing 50 uses, most of which the class finds new and unusual, Susan is displaying
divergent thinking
Which of the following is an example of the tip-of-the-tongue effect?
Emma is telling her friend what she did over summer vacation when she discovers she cannot think of a specific word that she would like to say. She stops telling the story, because she has the distinct feeling that she is about to be able to think of the word if she waits just a moment.
When Lois looks at her wedding pictures, she has vivid memories of the early years of her marriage. The pictures serve as
retrieval cues
Which area of the brain is not well developed until after three years of age, offering a possible explanation for infantile amnesia?
Hippocampus
Which of the following increases the chance that an individual will remember a telephone number that has been called several times within a short period?
Rehearsal
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