Mastering Biology Chapter 10: Photosynthesis

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Plants are photoautotrophs. What does this mean?
they use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic materials
(Photoautotrophs use light as a source of energy to synthesize organic substances.)
The ultimate source of energy to support most life on Earth is __________.
sunlight
(For the most part, life on Earth is solar-powered. Plants are organisms that use light as a source of energy to synthesize organic substances (photoautotrophs))
Which of the following statements is a correct distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs?
Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic.
Select the most accurate statement describing the basic function of the light reactions of photosynthesis.
The basic function of the light reactions of photosynthesis is the conversion of solar energy to chemical energy.
Why are plants classified as producers?
Plants are classified as producers because they fix inorganic carbon into organic molecules.
Which of these equations best summarizes photosynthesis?
6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
E
(The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma)
Image: Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____.
water ... NADPH
NADPH is a reactant in the Calvin cycle.
Identify the chloroplast.
A
Image: Identify the chloroplast.
Identify the stroma.EIdentify a thylakoid.DPhotosynthesis is a redox reaction. H2O is __________ during the light reactions and CO2 is __________ during the Calvin cycle.oxidized, reduced (During the light reactions of photosynthesis, water is oxidized; during the Calvin cycle, carbon is reduced.)Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis?H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycleWhat are the products of linear electron flow in the light reactions of photosynthesis?ATP and NADPHA mutation that disrupts cyclic electron flow in the light reactions of photosynthesis will specifically reduce the production of which of the following molecules?ATPWhich of the following statements best describes the relationship between the wavelength of light and the quantity of energy per photon?They are inversely related.In a plant, which of the following reactions produces molecular oxygen (O2)?the light reactions aloneWhich term describes ATP production resulting from the capture of light energy by chlorophyll?Photophosphorylation (The excitation of chlorophyll by light energy initiates a chain of events that leads to ATP production.)True or false? The chemiosmotic hypothesis states that the synthesis of ATP generates a proton gradient that leads to electron flow through an electron transport chain.False The chemiosmotic hypothesis states that the flow of electrons through an electron transport chain generates a proton gradient that leads to the synthesis of ATP.According to the chemiosmotic hypothesis, what provides the energy that directly drives ATP synthesis?Proton gradient A proton gradient across chloroplast and mitochondrial membranes drives ATP synthesis by the enzyme ATP synthase.Which of the following particles can pass through the ATP synthase channel?protons (The channels formed by ATP synthase are specific for protons.)True or false? The region of ATP synthase that catalyzes the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate spans the chloroplast membrane.False (The region of ATP synthase that catalyzes ATP production protrudes out of, but does not span, the chloroplast membrane; the region that spans the membrane is an ion channel through which protons can pass.)Chloroplast membrane vesicles are equilibrated in a simple solution of pH 5‎ . The solution is then adjusted to pH 8‎ . Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from these experimental conditions?ATP will not be produced because there is no ADP and inorganic phosphate in the solution. (This statement is true; although the proton gradient is present, ADP and inorganic phosphate are required to make ATP and were not added to the reaction.)_____ has a longer wavelength than _____.Red ... greenWhich of the following is(are) produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis?oxygen, ATP, and NADPHHow does photosynthesis transform solar energy into the chemical energy of sugar molecules?thylakoids. a photon. an electron. electrons. protons. thylakoid space. proton-motive force. outside the thylakoids. stroma. chemical energyThe oxygen released by photosynthesis is produced by which of the following processes?splitting water moleculesA plant with unique photosynthetic pigments has leaves that appear reddish yellow. Which of the following wavelengths of visible light are most effectively absorbed by this pigment?violet and blueWhich of the following describes the function of the pigment molecules in a light-harvesting complex in the thylakoid membranes?They absorb and transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll.Which of the following molecules will accumulate if light reactions occur normally, but the Calvin Cycle is inhibited?ATP and NADPHIn which cellular structure are the enzymes of the Calvin cycle localized?stroma of the chloroplastWhich of the following processes occurs in the Calvin cycle?reduction of CO2Which process produces oxygen?PhotosynthesisWhich set of reactions uses H2O and produces O2?The light-dependent reactionsWhat is the importance of the light-independent reactions in terms of carbon flow in the biosphere?The light-independent reactions turn CO2, a gas, into usable carbon in the form of sugars.True or false? The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis use water and produce oxygen.true The water molecules are split to replenish electrons in photosystem II, leaving behind protons, which are used to generate a proton gradient for the formation of ATP, and oxygen, which is released as a by-product.Which of the following molecules is the primary product of photosystem I?NADPH The NADPH produced by photosystem I is used to supply energy for the production of sugars during photosynthesis.What is the biological significance of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesisThey convert carbon dioxide to sugar.Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?The light-dependent reactions produce ATP and NADPH, which are then used by the light-independent reactions.Which molecule is regenerated in the regeneration phase of the Calvin cycle? Without regeneration of this molecule, the Calvin cycle would stop.RuBPCarbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to _____.RuBPAfter 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it is reduced by _____.NADPHHow many carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of glucose?6In the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are required to regenerate RuBP from five G3P molecules?3Which of the following products of the light reactions of photosynthesis is consumed during the Calvin cycle?NADPHThe overall function of the Calvin cycle is __________making sugarSelect the correct statement about the Calvin cycle.The Calvin cycle has three phases: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of RuBP.In C3 plants the conservation of water promotes _____photorespirationIn C4 and CAM plants carbon dioxide is fixed in the _____ of mesophyll cells.cytoplasmC4 plants differ from C3 and CAM plants in that C4 plants _____.transfer fixed carbon dioxide to cells in which the Calvin cycle occursHow is photosynthesis similar in C4 plants and CAM plants?In both cases, rubisco is not used to fix carbon initially.Which of the following statements best summarizes the metabolic results of photorespiration?ATP is hydrolyzed, carbon dioxide is produced, and oxygen is consumed