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Child and Ad- Exam 3

Terms in this set (67)

primary sexual characteristics
Women: Ovaries
Men: Testes
(reproduction)
Secondary sexual characteristics
-puberty but has nothing to do with sex.
-Women: breast, hips
-Males: voice changing, shoulder broaden, facial hair
(everyone gets hair!)
Internalizing behaviors
Symptoms: withdrawn, anxious, sad, shy, nervous, tense
-complain of stomach aches
Externalizing behaviors
Symptoms: boisterous, aggressive, irritable, disobedient, jealous
-Temper tantrums
Gender Identity
Psychological sense of being male or female (2-3)
Gender Stability
Gender stays the same (3-4)
Gender Constancy
gender is permanent based on genitals (5)
Child-centered programs learning styles
-emphasis on learning through play
What is Phonological awarness?
-Knowledge of sound structure of spoken words
(letters and sounds)
-Important for reading; must have it to be able to read well
what is whole language instruction
expose children to language activities (Literature-based instruction; stories&poems)
Diabetes
-type 2 is on the rise for kids
-increase in childhood obesity due to bad eating habits
Erikson's Initiative vs. Guilt
-Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans.
"I do it myself"
Self-Concept
Awareness, Perceptions of one's self
-I am statements (creative, funny)
Divergent Thinking
a type of creative thinking in which one generates new solutions to problems (solving problems/ facing challenges)
Andrenarche (first)
-pre-puberty
-preps for the rest of puberty (6-8)
-begins with HPA axis (hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal glands)
Gonadarche (2nd)
Signals beginning of puberty (9-12)
Spermarche
Puberty first occurs after first ejaculation (men) 10 years old
Menarche
Females after first period
Short term effects of Divorce
-less well adjusted (sleep disturbances)
-Conduct problems
-Higher rates of depression
-Lower school achievement
-poor self-concept and peer realtions
Long term effects of divorce
-less likely to finish HS or college
-likely to divorce
-increased anxiety/ depression
-increase alcohol/ drug abuse
Academic self-efficacy
feeling like you can accomplish/succeed or master a skill in the academic realm
effects of inclusion
only works for some. Not all kids benefit from it
ADHD
-Boys 4Xs as likely
-family of disorders (attention issues, hyper arousal, combo)
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Gender Schema theory
Gradual knowledge of what it means to be male or female
-information processing (ex. if you are told guys cant cook thats all you believe)
Egocentrism
Focused on themselves, they are the center of the universe
Piaget: Sensorimotor
the senses, motor capability, understanding symbols
Piaget: Preoperational
lack of conservation; ability to manipulate mental operations
Piaget: Concrete
Conquer conservation, concrete materials, reality bound
Piaget: Formal
Abstract and moral reasoning
Executive function development
-Early to mid-childhood
-develop decision making strategies
Benefits of empathy
-better friend
-prosocial behavior (helping others)
-understanding
When to use intelligence tests in school
Only use if the professional who is given the test has been trained in cultural sensitivity (each culture has its own norms in response to tests)
Fast mapping
-associating concepts with each other and making connections RAPIDLY
Learning disabilities-inclusion
inclusion targets people with learning disabilities
Impact of Physical discipline
1. Intensity: how hard/harsh
2. Context: are you explaining or ignoring
3. Cultural acceptability: are you in line with what the culture believes
Gross motor development
-in middle childhood GMD is increased in agility and balance
Impact of watching violence
prone to aggressive behaviors, thoughts, and emotions. (mimic the violence)
Irreversibility (Piaget)
kids thinking things cant be reversed (logic fallacy) (cup example)
Conservation
Realization that some physical properties remain the same despite visual differences
Overregulation
"I have two foots"
Underregulation
"I have two book" (no s on plurals)
Effects of harsh inconsistent discipline
Children will perceive threats and hostility when there is none
Food neophobia
-fear of new foods
-just be around new foods for awhile
when to start teaching other languages
-The earlier the better!!! ASAP (2-6) early childhood (plasticity)
the need to nurture talent
they need support so they can reach peak ability (get them in private lessons, resources, good teachers)
Types of aggression: Direct
Punch you in the face
Types of aggression: Verbal
Hurt you with my words
Types of Aggression: Relational
manipulating relationships to hurt others
when are we the healthiest
6-12 (middle to late childhood)
Growth patterns by gender
Boys get a little bigger...then girls do...then the boys catch back up (6months-1 year later)
-height diff avg. 5in
Asthma
-Most common chronic childhood disease/disorder
-Constriction of the bronchioles
-Causes: allergens. exercise, exposure to cold air
Symbolic activity
Manipulations of symbol, beginning to speak, and recognize (golden arches)
Operations
Cognitive/mental tasks
(piaget believed little kids cant do operations)
Pragmatics
language: what to say, when to say it, how to say it
Gender typing
-Effect by parental expectations
-Parents have different expectations for boys than for girls
Effects of immunization
-increase health
-immunization do NOT cause autism
-not everyone has insurance, or money
Autism
Narrow interest, lazar focus (literal sense)
Parenting style: Authoritarian
-Parents set high standards and expect unquestioned obedience; use power assertion (harshest)
-Kids= obident but unhappy
Parenting Style:Permissive
-Parent demand little from children and do little to teach independence
kids=no self control
Parenting style: authoritative
-Parents set high standards and are supportive, nurturant and firm
kids=well adjusted, well behaved
Decentration
Capable of reversibility (height and width of glass)
Autobiographical memory
our memories about ourselves (things you have done)
"there I was 6 year old..."
Effects of good child care
shows up on cognitive, social, and language development
Intellectual development factors
-the parents knowledge and language themselves (if you have a good vocab then the kid will too)
Cause of childhood obesity
-Bad eating habits (maladaptive)
Preschooler's self-judgement
struggle with ideal and real
Leading cause of death childhood
-Unintentional injuries (accidents)
-car accident in industrialized nations
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