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AB Chapter 10 Vocab

Terms in this set (32)

nucleosome
a complex consisting of a DNA duplex wound around a core of eight histone proteins
karyotype
the morphology of the chromosome of an organism as viewed with a light microscope
haploid
having only one set of chromosomes
diploid
having two sets of chromosomes; in animals, twice the number found in gametes
homologous
refers to a pair of the same kind of chromosome in a diploid cell
sister chromatids
one of two identical copies of each chromosome, still linked at the centromere, produced as the chromosomes duplicate for mitotic division
proto-oncogene
normal cellular genes which act as oncogenes when mutated
G2/M checkpoint
the second cell-division control point at which division can be delayed if the DNA has been improperly replicated or damaged
G1/S checkpoint
the primary control point at which a cell "decides" whether or not to divide
prophase
the phase of cell division that begins when the condensed chromosomes become visible and ends when the nuclear envelope breaks down
spindle
the assembly that carries out the separation of chromosomes during cell division and that is made of microtubules
gap phase 1
the primary growth phase of the cell; the longest phase for most cells
prometaphase
the transitional phase between prophase and metaphase during which the spindle attaches to the kinetochores of sister chromatids
metaphase
the stage of mitosis during which the microtubules become organized into a spindle and the chromosomes come to lie in its equatorial plane
anaphase
in mitosis, the stage initiated by the separation of sister chromatids during which the daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell
telophase
the phase of cell division during which the spindle breaks down; the nuclear envelope of each daughter cell forms and the chromosomes uncoil
cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm of a cell after nuclear division
cleavage furrow
the constriction that forms during cytokinesis in animal cells that is responsible for dividing the cell into two daughter cells
cell plate
the structure that forms at the equator of the spindle during early telophase in the dividing cells of plants
binary fission
asexual reproduction by division of one cell into two equal or nearly equal parts
gap phase 2
the second growth phase of the cell cycle; preparation for separation of the newly replicated genome
septum
a wall between two cavities
mitosis
somatic cell division; nuclear division in which the duplicated chromosomes separate to form two genetically identical daughter nuclei
chromatin
the complex of DNA and proteins of which eukaryotic chromosomes are composed
histone proteins
any of eight proteins with an overall positive charge that associate in a complex that DNA coils around
tumor-supressor genes
a gene that normally functions to inhibit cell division; mutated forms can lead to the unrestrained cell division of cancer
cancer
the unrestrained growth and division of cells; results from a failure of cell division control
spindle checkpoint
the third cell-division control point at which all the chromosomes must be connected to the spindle
cell cycle
the repeating sequence of growth and division through which cells pass each generation
synthesis
the phase in which the cell synthesizes a replica of the genome
interphase
the period between two mitotic divisions in which a cell grows and its DNA replicates; includes G1, S, and G2 phases
centromere
a visible point of constriction on a chromosome that contains repeated DNA sequences that bind specific proteins that make up the kinetochore
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