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BIOEE 1610 prelim 2

Terms in this set (55)

equation for geometric growth
Nt= λtxN0
equation for exponential growth
Nt=N0er^t
generation time equation
T= (Σxlxmx)/ R0
D(x)
number of deaths per 1000
N(x)
number of survivors per 1000 individuals at the BEGINNING of an age interval
to find D(x)
(# of deaths for age interval n)/(total # deaths) X 1000
Cohort life tables
follow cohort (group of individuals born at the same time) and keep records of all members from birth to death
Dynamic Composite life tables
variation of cohort life tables, considers cohort as a composite of organisms born over a period of years
Static life table
snapshot of the population at a short time interval, constructed by determining age distribution
type 1 survivorship
low juvenile mortality, mortality increases with age. occurs in large mammals
type 2 survivorship
constant rate of mortality. occurs in small mammals, birds, lizards
type 3 survivorship
high juvenile mortality, mortality decreases with age. occurs in marine fish
Net reproductive rate
Average number female offspring from a female during a lifetime: Σlxmx
Generation Time
average time between birth of a female and birth of her offspring
Maximum sustainable yield
the largest harvest a population can support over an indefinite period
what happens to MSY in large populations?
MSY is lower because reproduction rate is near carrying capacity
I=PAT
impact=populationper capita affluence impact of technology
mutualism
A relationship between two species in which both species benefit
commensalism
A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected
predation & herbivory
positive effect on one species, negative on the othe
ammensalism
relationship when one organism is harmed, the other is unaffected
symbiosis
A close relationship between two or more species where at least one benefits.
exploitation
An Interspecific relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of another
parasitism
A relationship in which one organism lives on or in a host and harms it.
parasatoid
combination of predation and parasitism where parasatoid lays eggs in host then larvae eat the host
competition
Interaction among organisms that vie for the same resource in an ecosystem
defensive mutualism
species receive food or shelter from partner in return for defending them against herbivores, predators, or parasites
dispersive mutualism
Relationship in which one of the mutualists aids the other by moving it from one place to another
intraspecific competition
Competition between individuals of the same species
interspecific competition
Competition between members of different species
exploitative competition
When two competing individuals have indirect contact and conflict over shared limited resources.
interference competition
A form of competition involving direct antagonistic interactions between individuals
fundamental niche
The full potential range of the physical, chemical, and biological factors a species can use if there is no competition from other species.
realized niche
Part of a species fundamental niche that it actually uses, limited by competition.
competitive exclusion principle
Ecological rule that states that no two species can occupy the same exact niche in the same habitat at the same time
paradox of competition
competition is such a powerful force that you rarely observe it in nature
indirect evidence for competition
allopatric distribution, resource partitioning, character displacement
resource partitioning
The division of environmental resources by coexisting species such that the niche of each species differs by one or more significant factors from the niches of all coexisting species
character displacement
2 species evolve different morphology over time to take advantage of differing resources
parasite
An organism that feeds on a living host
disease
A negative effect of a pathogen infection on host physiology.
pathogen
= Any organism that induces disease in their hosts.
endoparasite (+advantages, disadvantages)
Advantages: Ease of feeding, safe from enemies and protected from external environment
Disadvantages: Difficult dispersal, hosts immune system could pose a threat
ectoparasite (+advantages, disadvantages)
Advantages:Ease of dispersal, safe from hosts immune system
Disadvantages: Feeding more difficult, exposure to external conditions and outside enemies
microparasite (+advantages, disadvantages)
Microscopic, Numerous, Multiply directly in host, Short generation time,Induce immunity to reinfection
Many intracellular, Moderate to high ability to regulate host population, (Bacteria, viruses, protozoan)
macroparasite (+advantages, disadvantages)
Relatively large, Low to intermediate densities
Grow but don't multiply within host; persist by multiple reinfections, Long generation time, Induce short term immune response, Live in body cavities or on body
Low ability to regulate host population
(parasitic worms, ticks, fleas and some fungi)
biocontrol
people use biological agents to control populations of pests
stochastic model
includes randomness
ecology of fear
predators can also affect prey indirectly, when prey respond to the risk of predation by altering their behavior
functional response
describes how an individual predator's feeding rate depends on prey density
obligate mutualism
species are so dependent on one another they can't survive without their symbiotic relationship
facultative mutualism
mutualistic relationship not required for the survival of the two species
trophic mutualism
Partners specialized in complimentary ways to obtain energy and nutrients
types of interference competition
allelopathy, territoriality, preemption
ecological effects of parasites
geographic range of host, behavior of host, morphology of host, reproductive success of host, the outcome of competition, host community structure, the physical environment
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