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CH 203 - The People (Final)

Terms in this set (56)

W.E.B. Du Bois
Who would find Washington's compromises very problematic and at several points in his essay "Of the Training of Black Men" he has explicit digs at Washington that readers of the time would have recognized?
W.E.B. Du Bois
Who's essay was originally published in The Atlantic Monthly—a periodical based out of New England and likely to have an audience friendly to the situation of African Americans than the potentially hostile audience to which Washington addressed himself?
W.E.B. Du Bois
Who was the first African American to receive a PhD from Harvard, and he also founded the NAACP and founded and edited the organization's first magazine, The Crisis, which published African American writing and art, covered African American social and political issues, and exposed instances of racial violence and discrimination throughout the country?
W.E.B. Du Bois
Who sees segregation—the social, cultural and political separation between blacks and whites as a huge obstacle to the future of African Americans but also to the future of the nation—he calls this separation "The Veil." He begins by first reviewing the history of education of the black race in the South since the civil war, before turning to his big question for the piece. He asks, "Is there not life more than meat, and body more than raiment?" In other words, he's here specifically addressing Washington, saying, yes, economics are important—but is this material achievement all there is to a fulfilling life as a citizen? Obviously, his answer is no—he argues for higher education for blacks, and not just vocational training; instead, he wants African Americans to receive the kind of diverse education in history, art, politics, sciences and so on that you all are receiving. In particular, he is very concerned about the education of a group he would go on to call "the talented tenth". We hear his hopes for this group and the race here. He writes, "progress in human affairs is more often a pull than a push, a surging forward of the exceptional man, and the lifting of his duller brethren slowly and painfully to his vantage ground."
W.E.B. Du Bois
Who thought there must be race leaders who are the best and the brightest to lead the way and uplift the race as a whole. In more boring terms, we might call these people who make up the talented tenth role models. It is through a broad and well-rounded education and an expansion of race leaders into all arenas of American life that he really drives home the point held in his title. In the second to last paragraph, he says of education, "it must develop men"?
Booker T. Washington
Who gave the speech known as the "Atlanta Compromise." It is important to remember that the speech was given to a largely white audience. In his speech, you can hear his awareness of the white backlash against the early positions of blacks in politics during Reconstruction and his very careful statement of aims that would both be palatable to his audience and also forward the black race.
Booker T. Washington
Who was the principal of Tuskegee University, a school in Alabama that emphasized vocational education for students, a focus you can really hear in his speech?
Booker T. Washington
Who infamously uses the metaphor of the hand to assure southern whites that blacks needn't be integrated: he tells them, "In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress." In other words, he stirs the desire for blacks and whites to work together for Southern economic progress, while conceding that social segregation can remain the status quo?
Angel of the House
What term appears in Catharine Beecher's writings that was the nineteenth-century ideal of the woman who was able to be the home's moral center because she stayed in the domestic sphere—which meant she wasn't contaminated by the competitive and corrupting forces of politics and commerce. Only by keeping herself in the home, and denying herself the pursuit of selfish personal interests could she retain her angelic qualities and be a moral respite for her husband and steer her children (and thus the nation) along the right path?
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
Among those who pushed back against this powerful ideal was the sociologist and reformer who, perhaps known to you as the author of the short story "The Yellow Wallpaper" as well as the treatise Women and Economics, the book from which our reading comes. In this book she makes both scientific and economic arguments against over differentiation along gender lines—she calls this "excessive sex distinction."
First, she argues that whereas in other species the female has to do more than breed and attract a mate (whether finding food or engaging in other forms of self-preservation), this is not so for the human female. Instead, men have a wide field for self-expression and activity, she explains; however, from childhood on, women have all their energies funneled into attracting a mate?
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
After appealing to science, she moves to an economic argument to show how excessive sex distinction also makes women economically unproductive. While the man has all the market as his economic environment, the man himself forms the woman's economic environment—and as a result, all her gains come through him and rather than devote her energies to the greater good of society or economic development. She must focus all her efforts on attracting and pleasing a man—as she says, becoming a "mere egg sac" or a parasite—obtaining her living through the efforts of others?
Emma Lazarus
Who wrote a poem, with lines of which may be familiar from their placement on the Statue of Liberty, express an image of the United States as a great mother, the "mother of exiles," and writes: caring for and nursing back to health all the world's outcasts, she invites all into her domestic sphere?
Edward Ross
Who argues that the presence of non-Anglo Saxon immigrants will lower the quality of America, ultimately ruining it. As he says, the immigrants will act as "a drag on the social progress of the nation that incorporates them—whether through their illiteracy, poor mental health, or itinerancy." But worth special consideration here is the way in which he singles out the treatment of women and children as special points of argument. Whereas Gilman would suggest that the entire nation has a woman problem, he writes instead about the invading hordes: "[W]ith most of our Slavic nationalities, it is said the boy may strike his sister with impunity...Few of the later immigrants thing of giving the daughter as good a chance as the son."
Edward Ross
Who ends his polemic against immigrants by suggesting national decay unless the country does something about these newcomers. Trying to predict the future, he writes, "Not until the twenty-first century will the philosophic historian be able to declare with scientific certitude that the cause of the mysterious decline that came upon the American people early in the twentieth century was the deterioration of the popular intelligence by the admission of great numbers of backward immigrants."
Jacob Riis
Which man, who meant to expose more well-to-do Americans how "the other half" lives places some of the blame for society's troubles on the bad home life of immigrant children—but importantly, not necessarily on the immigrants themselves. In his photographs and essays collected in 1889 under the title How the Other half Lives, Riis documented the poor living conditions of immigrants living in New York City's tenement buildings. He sees the tenements as creating poor domestic spaces for immigrant children, writing "in the tenements all the influences make for evil; because they are hotbeds of the epidemics that carry death to rich and poor alike; the nurseries of pauperism and crime that fill our jails." He goes on "above all, they touch the family life with deadly moral contagion." After this list of ills bred in the tenement houses, he shifts slightly to return to a metaphor of American society as parent, much as Emma Lazarus did. Only here, at the end of this paragraph, it's a view of America as a neglectful parent that has not made good on the promises of Lazarus's poem. He writes, "That we have to own it the child of our own wrong does not excuse it, even though it gives claim upon our utmost patience and tenderest charity."
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