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Psychology Conditioning

Terms in this set (34)

Conditioning
Type of learning that involves stimulus based response connections
Classical conditioning
Form of learning where one stimulus calls forth the response usually called by another stimulus
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
Stimulus that causes a response that is automatic and not learned
Unconditioned response (UR)
The automatic response to unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned response (CR)
Learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral or meaningless
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Previously neutral stimulus that because of pairing with an unconditioned response, now causes a conditioned response
Neutral stimulus (NS)
Stimulus that that has no association to a response
Extinction
When the conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by an unconditioned response, it loses its ability to bring a conditioned response
Spontaneous recovery
Displaying responses that were extinguished earlier, revival of the response follows a period in which the conditioned response does not occur
Generalization
Responding the same way to similar stimuli
Discrimination
The act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar to each other
Phobias
Automatic responses/unconditioned responses to to certain types of stimuli
Flooding
The subject is exposed to the harmless stimulus until the fear response is extinguished
Systematic desensitization
The subject is first taught relaxation techniques, then when relaxed is gradually exposed to the stimulus
Counter conditioning
Pleasant stimulus paired repeatedly with a fearful one
Operant conditioning
People and animals learn to do certain things and not to do others because of the results or consequences
Reinforcement
The process by which a stimulus increases the chances that the preceding behavior will occur again
Primary reinforcement
Reinforces functions due to the biological makeup of an organism- food, water
Secondary reinforcement
Value must be learned, paired with established reinforcers
Positive reinforcement
Increases the frequency of the behavior they follow, a person receives something they want following the behavior
Negative reinforcement
Increases the frequency of the behavior that follows when they are removed, something unwanted stops following the behavior
Punishment
Unwanted events that, when they are applied, decrease the frequency of the behavior they follow
Rewards
Sometimes positive reinforcement, figure out what the subject wants
Continuous reinforcement
Reinforcement every time the behavior occurs
Partial reinforcement
Not every time, alternative
Fixed interval
Exact amount of time between reinforcement
Variable interval
Varying time between reinforcement
Fixed ratio
Reinforcement after specific amount of responses
Variable ratio
Reinforcement after varying amount of responses
Shaping
Teaching complex behaviors in which one first reinforces small steps in the total activity ie potty training
Chaining
Each step in a sequence must be learned and must lead to the next until the final step is achieved ie bike riding
Programmed learning
Combination of shaping and chaining in which a subject completes a task by completing each step ie student passing a course
Latent learning
Learning is conducted unconsciously, knowledge is hidden until needed ie places, driving
Observational learning
Knowledge and skills that are acquired by observing and imitating others, consequences ie vicarious reinforcement
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