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Chapter 18

Terms in this set (125)

1. According to Erikson, the final psychological conflict, __________, involves coming to terms with one's life.
C) ego integrity versus despair
2. In a study that followed a sample of women diverse in SES throughout adulthood, __________ predicted ego integrity in late adulthood.
B) midlife generativity
3. Seventy-year-old Isabel's life goals emphasized money and prestige. She is likely to __________.
A) fear the end of life
4. According to Erikson, __________ occurs when aging adults feel they have made many wrong decisions, yet time is too short to find an alternate route to integrity.
B) despair
5. Mr. Suko is 80 years old. He is argumentative, bitter, and regretful. He has a tendency to blame others for his personal failures. According to Erikson, Mr. Suko's behavior disguises __________.
D) self-contempt
6. According to Robert Peck, __________ involves affirming self-worth through family, friendships, or community life for those who invested heavily in their careers.
A) ego differentiation
7. Neil, age 73, has learned to focus on his psychological strengths. He overcomes his physical limitations by emphasizing the compensating rewards of cognitive, emotional, and social powers. According to Peck, Neil has attained __________.
C) body transcendence
8. While 80-year-old Naomi's contemporaries have died, she faces the reality of death constructively through efforts to make life more secure, meaningful, and gratifying for younger generations. According to Peck, Naomi has attained __________.
A) ego transcendence
9. Research suggests that as people grow older, __________.
C) both body transcendence and ego transcendence increase
10. Erikson's widow, Joan Erikson, suggested an additional stage of psychosocial development called __________.
A) gerotranscendence
11. As he approached his ninetieth year, Franco spent more time in quiet reflection. He had a heightened inner calm and contentment. According to Joan Erikson, Franco had reached __________.
C) gerotranscendence
12. Emme selectively attends to and better recalls emotionally positive over negative information. Emme has the ability to maximize positive emotion and dampen negative emotion. This ability is known as __________.
D) the positivity effect
13. When they cannot avoid negative experiences, older adults are especially effective at __________.
C) emotion-centered coping
14. Which statement is true about reminiscence?
B) Research reveals no age differences in total quantity of reminiscing.
15. Tessa tells stories about people and events from her past and shares associated thoughts and feelings. Tessa engages in __________.
C) reminiscence
16. Contemporary older people in industrialized nations are largely __________.
C) present- and future-oriented
17. Added years of longevity and health plus financial stability have granted an active, opportunistic time of life to so many older adults that some experts believe a new phase of late adulthood has evolved, known as __________.
B) the Third Age
18. When 62-year-old Maxine retired, she looked forward to a time of self-realization and high life satisfaction. Like other baby boomers, Maxine is most likely to view retirement as a(n) __________.
A) time of personal fulfillment
19. __________ reminiscence is linked to adjustment problems.
B) Self-focused
20. Marlon, an extraverted 75-year-old, reminisces about his wife, who passed away when Marlon was 56. He enjoys reliving his relationship with his wife. Marlon engages in __________ reminiscence.
B) other-focused
21. Older adults who score high in openness to experience engage, at times, in __________ reminiscence, drawing on their past for effective problem-solving strategies.
C) knowledge-based
22. African-American and Chinese immigrant older adults are more likely than their European-American counterparts to use __________.
B) reminiscence to teach others about the past
23. For young and old alike, reminiscence __________.
C) often occurs during times of life transition
24. The autobiographical selves of older adults are more likely than those of younger adults to emphasize __________.
B) coherence and consistency
25. Researchers ask 85-year-old Gerald to respond to the question, "Who am I?" Gerald is likely to express __________.
C) more positive than negative self-evaluations
26. Which statement is true about personality traits in late adulthood?
A) A flexible, optimistic approach to life is common in old age.
27. Marion, age 78, has come to terms with life despite its imperfections. She has become increasingly generous, acquiescent, and good-natured. Marion shows gains in __________.
B) agreeableness
28. Older adults who are high in __________ tend to cope poorly with stressful events and are at risk for health problems.
A) neuroticism
29. The late-life increase in religiosity is __________.
B) usually modest
30. Which older adult is more likely to be involved in both organized and informal religious activities?
D) Jarrod, a low-SES African American
31. Which statement is true about sex differences in religious involvement and spirituality in late adulthood?
A) Women are more likely than men to engage in religious activities.
32. Charise, age 74, is involved in organized religion. Longitudinal research suggests that Charise will __________ than her agemates who do not participate in organized or informal religion.
C) live longer
33. In some research, religious activity—not religious belief or membership in a congregation—was associated with __________ following negative life events.
C) increases in distress
34. Evidence indicates that among religious older people, __________ contributes substantially to higher self-esteem, optimism, and life satisfaction.
B) belief in God's powers
35. May stops by her mother June's house every day. If June is having trouble getting dressed or making the bed, then May helps her, and the two women chat while they work. May's behavior toward June illustrates the __________ script.
A) dependency-support
36. August stops by his mother April's house every week. If April has no trouble with tasks like making coffee or unloading the dishwasher, then August withdraws. August's behavior toward April illustrates the __________ script.
B) independence-ignore
37. Ida is mostly self-reliant. She experiences no difficulty with daily activities. Ida probably views social contact as __________.
D) highly satisfying
38. Which statement is true about social contact among older adults?
A) Among older adults who have trouble performing daily activities, social contact is frequently associated with a less positive everyday existence.
39. Much research confirms that feelings of __________ diminish in late life.
C) personal control
40. Among the strongest risk factors for late-life depression is __________.
B) chronic disease
41. More than __________, __________ predict(s) depressive symptoms.
C) actual physical limitations; perceived negative physical health
42. Which statement is true about suicide in late adulthood?
B) Failed suicides are much rarer in old age than in adolescence.
43. Suicide rates are elevated when a sick older person __________.
A) has minimal caregiver support
44. Older __________ more often say that __________.
D) women; others depend on them for emotional support
45. __________ increases the odds of living longer.
B) Availability of social support
46. Which statement is true about formal support for older adults?
A) Formal support spares older adults from feeling overly dependent in their close relationships.
47. Lela, age 81, has lived in her own apartment since her husband died six years ago. Lately, she has been having difficulty with tasks of daily living. Lela's family and friends want to help. For social support to foster her well-being, __________.
B) Lela must take personal control of it
48. Harriet can handle dressing, shopping, and food preparation by herself. However, Harriet allows her daughter Ada to assist with these activities, leaving Harriet more stamina for gardening. Harriet is managing her aging by __________.
D) freeing up energy for endeavors that are personally satisfying
49. __________ is associated with a positive outlook in older adults with disabilities.
A) Perceived social support
50. According to disengagement theory, older people __________.
B) decrease their activity levels and interact less frequently with age
51. Most older adults __________.
A) do not disengage from society
52. Dr. Rosenberg believes that social barriers to engagement, not the desires of older adults, cause declining rates of interaction. Dr. Rosenberg subscribes to the __________ theory of aging.
B) activity
53. __________ predicts psychological well-being in old age.
C) Quality of relationships
54. Shenita, a retired drama teacher, spends a lot of her time volunteering at a local community theater. She also enjoys weekend trips to see plays with her former colleagues. Shenita's activities are consistent with the __________ theory of aging.
A) continuity
55. Striving for continuity is essential for attaining Erikson's sense of __________, which depends on preserving a sense of personal history.
C) ego integrity
56. As Salvatore grows older, he feels closer to his siblings and more connected with his spouse. At 85, his contact with acquaintances has diminished and he is left with a few very close relationships. He is not terribly interested in forming any new social ties. Salvatore's behavior is consistent with __________ theory.
D) socioemotional selectivity
57. Older adults emphasize the __________ function of interaction.
B) emotion-regulating
58. In a Hong Kong study, aging adults scoring high in interdependence __________.
D) sustained the same number of peripheral social partners into advanced old age
59. Maple is an older adult living in a small town. Which statement is most likely to be true about Maple?
C) Maple is more likely than urban older adults to be satisfied with life.
60. Which older adult is more likely to fare better in terms of health and income?
D) Ciera, who lives in an urban area
61. Among frail aging adults living alone and in inner-city areas, fear of crime __________.
B) undermines morale and restricts activities
62. Overwhelmingly, aging adults in Western nations __________.
C) remain living in or near their old home
63. In the United States, about 4 percent of aging adults __________.
B) relocate to other communities
64. The primary reason why more older adults in Western countries live on their own today than ever before is __________.
D) improved health and economic well-being
65. Which adult child is likely to feel an especially strong obligation to care for an aging parent?
C) Anna, who is of Polish descent
66. Camila's health is declining. Her son Santiago asked her to move in with him, but Camila refused. __________ theory helps explain Camila's desire to live where many of her memorable life events took place.
C) Continuity
67. Which aging American is most likely to be poverty-stricken?
A) Shani, a widowed woman
68. Harry lives in a complex that provides a variety of support services, including meals in a common dining room, recreational activities, and transportation assistance, but does not offer nursing care. Harry lives in a(n) __________.
A) independent living community
69. Life-care communities __________.
B) offer a range of housing alternatives, from independent living to full nursing home care
70. Older adults who feel socially integrated into a residential community setting are __________.
C) more likely to consider it their home
71. __________ predicts nursing home residents' life satisfaction.
A) Interaction with people in the outside world
72. Forrest lives in a Green House-style nursing home. Compared with a traditional nursing home resident, Forrest will probably __________.
B) report a substantially better quality of life
73. With age, ships in the social convoy __________.
C) exchange places
74. Which statement is true about marriage in late adulthood?
B) As in early and middle adulthood, paths of late-life marital satisfaction are diverse.
75. When marital dissatisfaction exists in later life, __________.
C) it often takes a greater toll on women than on men
76. Which statement is true about lesbian and gay partnerships in late adulthood?
B) Compared with same-sex couples not in a legally recognized relationship, sexual minority couples who are married are advantaged in physical and psychological well-being.
77. Divorce among people age 65 and older has __________ over the past three decades.
D) quadrupled
78. Compared with younger adults, older adults who divorce __________.
C) seldom express regret over leaving an unhappy marriage
79. Which older adult is at the greatest risk for adjustment difficulties?
B) Roy, a divorced male who remains single
80. Ethel, age 65, and Raymond, age 72, cohabit. If they are typical of cohabiting older adults, which statement is most likely true?
B) They are as satisfied with their partnered lives as are their married counterparts.
81. David's wife, Esther, recently died. If David is like most recently widowed older adults, his greatest problem is most likely __________.
A) profound loneliness
82. Which statement is true about widowhood?
C) Ethnic minorities with high rates of poverty and chronic disease are more likely to be widowed.
83. Which older adult is more likely to show physical and mental health problems following the death of a spouse?
A) Albert, whose wife's death was unexpected
84. Women's __________ may lead them to feel less need to remarry following the death of a spouse.
A) kinkeeper role
85. Which statement is true about never-married, childless older adults?
D) Never-married childless older adults lose more network members with increasing age.
86. __________ are key in never-married older women's lives.
C) Same-sex friendships
87. Never-married, childless men are more likely than women to __________.
C) feel lonely and depressed
88. Overall, never-married older people report a level of well-being equivalent to that of __________ aging adults.
B) married
89. Both men and women describe closer bonds with __________ than with __________.
B) sisters; brothers
90. Typically, aging siblings __________.
C) visit at least several times a year
91. Which older adult is most likely to receive sibling support when his health declines?
B) Harrison, who is childless and never married
92. Which statement is true about late-life friendships?
B) Older adults report more favorable experiences with friends than with family members.
93. __________ and __________ are basic to meaningful friendships in late adulthood.
C) Intimacy; companionship
94. With age, older adults report that the friends they feel the closest to __________.
A) live in the same community
95. Compared with younger people, older adults report fewer __________ friends.
C) other-sex
96. Mr. Dugan belongs to an older adult lunch club. The other members of the club, while not intimates, are Mr. Dugan's __________ friends.
D) secondary
97. Ruby, age 83, is most likely to call on her friends for __________.
A) emotional support
98. Lyle and Nora are in their early seventies and live in their own home. If they are typical of Western older adults in their relationship with their adult children, Lyle and Nora probably __________.
C) give more than they receive in financial and practical assistance
99. For parents age 75 and older, adult children's __________ is beneficial, fostering self-esteem and sense of family connection.
D) moderate support, with opportunities to reciprocate,
100. __________ strongly predicts the quality of the grandparent-adult grandchild relationship.
C) Degree of grandparent involvement during childhood
101. Which grandparent-adult grandchild bond tends to be closest?
A) maternal grandmother-granddaughter
102. Grandchildren __________ in the last decade or two of life.
C) become increasingly important sources of emotional meaning
103. Figures underestimate the actual incidence of elder abuse because __________.
D) most abusive acts take place in private, and victims are often unable or unwilling to complain
104. Carmen, age 82, lives with her son Lance, who regularly fails to fulfill needed caregiving obligations. As a result, Carmen often lacks medication, fails to eat meals, and feels isolated. Carmen is a victim of __________.
A) physical neglect
105. __________ are the most frequently reported types of elder abuse.
C) Financial abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect
106. Overwhelmed, Monica abandoned her frail, disabled grandmother in the waiting area of a hospital emergency room. Monica's act is referred to in the media as __________.
A) granny dumping
107. The more negative a caregiver-recipient relationship, __________.
B) the greater the risk of elder abuse of all kinds
108. Abusers who are paid caregivers or professionals rendering other services are usually __________.
C) amiable but manipulative
109. Which statement is true about the risk factors of elder maltreatment?
A) Many perpetrators of abuse are dependent, emotionally or financially, on their victims.
110. Irrespective of financial need, the age of retirement is rising in the United States and Western nations because __________.
B) most baby boomers say they want to work longer
111. Today, retirement __________.
C) is not a single event but rather a dynamic process with multiple transitions
112. Bridge employment seems to have a favorable impact on psychological well-being only when people __________.
B) engage in work related to their former career
113. Which older worker is likely to retire first?
C) Joseph, who works in a blue-collar job
114. On average, __________ retire earlier than __________.
D) women; men
115. Contemporary older people view retirement as __________.
A) a time of opportunity and personal growth
116. Which statement is true about retirement satisfaction?
C) Retirement can enhance marital satisfaction by granting husband and wife more time for companionship.
117. Arthur is looking forward to having more time for leisure pursuits after retirement. He is excited about trying out new options. Arthur should know that leisure activities pursued during retirement typically include __________.
D) things that have been lifelong interests
118. Retired adults who are __________ are more engaged in leisure activities and volunteer service.
C) high in self-efficacy
119. Which statement is true about volunteer activities of aging adults?
B) Of those older adults who volunteer, over half give 200 or more hours per year.
120. Older adults volunteering with Experience Corps acquire skills in __________.
C) tutoring and behavior management of children
121. Which statement is true about Experience Corps?
B) Volunteers show changes in fMRI brain activity that coincide with gains in executive function.
122. Mercedes and Sean work hard to maintain their vitality and are able to limit their age-related declines in physical, cognitive, and social functioning. Mercedes and Sean fit contemporary experts' view of __________.
D) successful aging
123. __________ aging reflects the reality that aging well involves not only achievement of desirable outcomes but also effective coping with life's challenges and losses.
A) Optimal
124. According to George Vaillant, which factor outweighs the others with regard to predicting a happy, active old age?
C) effective coping strategies
125. Aging well is __________.
A) facilitated by societal contexts that promote effective person-environment fit
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