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Foundations of Reading #1

Terms in this set (169)

Advanced organizer

A method for preparing students to read by providing prereading activities or information

Using a known word, letter or chunk to problem solve an unknonwn word in text. Example: A student who knows hot to write "cat" and the letter "b" can use those to write "bat"

Anticipation Guide

These guides allow individuals to reflect on and express their opinions in relation to written statements about what they are reading that challenge or confirm their beliefs. When a student gives an initial response they can discuss their response in small groups. Then those groups can meet together so that students can have the benefit of the collective background knowledge of the large group

This strategy provides a way to share with each other the excitement of a particular moment in relation to a book or to their own writing. The student in the "Author's Chair" reads aloud a selected piece of text or a piece of their own writing. Peers have an opportunity to respond to waht is read aloud

The ongoing gatehring of information about students

Auditory Discrimination

The ability to hear differences in sounds

Large books used to familiarize children with print concepts and provide positive book experiences

Combining the sounds represented by letters to pronounce a word. Example C-R-A-C-K= crack

A strategy for discussing books, either before they read or after students read to get them to think critically about waht they have read. Book talks can be lead by the librarian, the students or the teacher

This is an interactive reading of the text, often poerty or songs, by a gorup of voices. Students must read a text repeatedly in order to decide how to prepare it for choral reading

An informal technique for instruction or assessment in which students fill in omitted words from a passage. A fill in the gap procedure used to restore omitted text by using cues

The process of constructing meaning. Comprehension depends on reader's decoding abilities, prior knowledge, cultural and social background and their ongoing comprehension monitoring strategies

Concepts about print

Knowledge of how books and text work

The use of words surrounding an unknown word to determine the unknown words meaning

The strategy of checking one or more cue sources with another while reading to verify accuracy

These are three of the language systems on which readers rely for cues as they seek meaning from a text:

based on letter-sound relationships and visual knowledge

based on meaning

based on grammar

Sources of information in text-meaning, structure and visual

A writing strategy in which the teacher models writing in front of students as she takes dictation from them about a specific event they are describing. Then students and teacher "work the text" to reinforce and practice skills they have learned or are learning. such as concepts about print, phonics elements and rules, punctuation, etc

Analyzing words by identifying sound units

Dialogue Journal

These journals are written dialouge between the journal "owner" and a selected "partner". The partner responds to what has been written by the owner. It is important that responses deal with what has been written adn not just the conventions of writing. Journal owner and partners can be students, teachers, parents teachers, etc

Direct Instruction

A strategy of teaching involving modeling, guided practice, and independent practice

Directed Listening Thinking Activity (DLTA)

A instructional and assessment strategy using listening, predicting, and confirming

The left to right tracking of print while reading and the return sweep

Double Entry Journal

A note taking strategy to improve comprehension. This is a double entry record in which a student takes notes and adds reflections while reading any text. A two column format is used. Typically, the left column is used to record specific statements from a test taht are important to the reader in understanding the text. The right column is used to record responses and reactions to those statements

This is a strategy in which a lead reader reads aloud a section of a text and a second reader's voice follows right after (or echoes) that which was first read

Environmental Print

Any print which is found in the physical environment such as street signs, billboards, labels, business signs, etc

Expository Text

A form of writing intended to set fourth or explain and which employs a wide variety of structures.

Listing the facts; the action of mentioning a number of things one by one

Putting the facts or events into a sequence using references to time

Comparison/Contrast

Pointing out similarities and/or differences

Showing how facts of events affect other facts or events

Problem/Solution

Showing the development of a problem and its solutions

Assessments with very specific directions and conditions for testing typically standardized tests

Frustration Level

The level as which the reader has difficulty with word recognition and comprehends with less that 70% accuracy

A term used to classify literary works into categories, such as novel, mystery, historical fiction, biography, short story, poem, etc

Guided Reading Books

Test used for direct instruction of reading skills and strategies

`High Frequency Words

The words most commonly used in reading and writing. Examples: Can, See

Independent Level

The level at which the student can read and comprehend without the teacher

Informal Reading Inventory (IRI)

An informal assessment instrument in which a child reads from a graded passage and answers comprehension questions to determine independent, instructional and frustration reading levels

Instructional Level

The reading level at which the student is challenged but not frustrated; some teacher assisstance is needed

The practice of coming between a student and possible failure to acquire literacy

Invented/ Temporary Spelling

Spelling using sound/symbol approximations

Levels of Spelling

Changes in spelling behaviors as student's knowledge of words, sound-symbol relationships and spelling patterns increase

Small books used for direct instruction during Guided Reading. These books, containing while stories, vary in difficulty within developmental reading levels

Literature Circle

Students read a piece of literature and meet as a group to discuss it. The discussions are open ended and focus on bringing the literature and reader together. The group can begin by discussing reactions to the book, sharing favorite parts and raising questions about parts they did not understand or that surprised them. At the end of each session, the gorup decides waht they want to talk about the next time they meet; this gives students time to reread certain sections of the book and to think abou thte topic or questions

Language Experience Approach (LEA)

An integration of reading and writing approaches using students' experiences and words

A window like device used to islolate details of print, such as initial letters, endings, chunks or a whole word

Reusable writing medium made of plastic overlay

The overall meaning of the book, illustrations and the reader's previous knowledge and experience used as a cue during reading

Reusable writing medium similar to an Etch-A-Sketch

This term refers to reflection on one's own thinking and learning processes. Students need to learn to evauluate their own decoding and comprehension, plan sequences of actions and regulate their reading behavior to adjust to changing conditions

Direct teaching lesson on a specific topic or skills that some in the class seem to be ready for a "teachable moment". This direct instruction can also be confucted for the benefit of the students who need more info. or further clarification on a topic previously taught.

Oral reading responses that are different from a written text

Morphemic Units

The smallest meaning unites of language: roots, prefixes, and suffixes

A story form in which a sequence of events is recounted

Norm Referenced Tests

Standardized assessments intended to compare a student's performance with the performance of others

One-To-One Correspondence

Matching each written word to one spoken word during reading and writing

Theere are inter syllabic units that are smaller than wrods and syllable but larger than phonemes. The onset is the portion of the syllable that precedes the vowel (in the word black the onse is BL) The rime is the ack portion of black. Not all words have an onset but they do have a rime

The rime is the portion of the syllable including the vowels and any consonants that follow (ex meat -eat)

A form of collaboration in learning in which students work together in editing a piece of writing

Phonemic Awareness

The understanding that speech is composed of a series of individual sounds

Letter/sound correspondence

Percentile Rank

A person's relative position within a defined group

In this instructional strategy the teacher guides the students through a text by looking at and discussing the pictures before reading the story. This helps students to focus on illustrations instead of text and gives them a reference point they can use when they actually read the story.

Perceptual Process

Processes related to obtaining information from sensory stimulation

Potential Reading Level

Possible as opposed to actual reading level. Often determined by listening comprehension assessment

A stick like device used to draw attention to detials of print

This term refers to words containing more than one syllable

An authentic assessment tool consisting of a folder containing rubic scored student writings

Prediction Guide

An informal assessment strategy that determines whether a student uses background knowledge in making predictions

Predictable Text

This type of reading material supports the prediction of certain features of text and are especially valuable for readers who are not yet fluent or do not use effective reading strategies. Text is predictable when it enables students to quickly and easily predict what the author is going to say and how the author is going to say it based on their knowledge of the world and language. Can contain rhythmical, repetitive, or cumulative patterns, familiar story lines, familiar sequences, or a good match between illustrations and text

Prereading Skills

A term used before the recognition of emergent literacy to refer to the skills needed for beginning reading instruction

Primary Language

This is the first language a child learns to speak

A writing activity that requires students to write nonstop for a prescribed amount of time, usually 5-10 minutes. Focused on one topic, generating as many ideas as possible. Can be used as prewriting or an opportunity for students to clarify their thoughts about a topic

Qualitative Analysis

Evaluation of the qualities or characteristics of miscues

Quantative Analysis

Evaluation of data that can be measured and described numerically to determine reading level

The actual number of items correctly answered on a test

Readers Theatre

Where readers act out, set a stage, rehearse lines, to highlight multiple interpretations of the texts

Reading Response Log

Response to texts that students read and students demonstrate their ability to synthesize adn interpret information from silent reading and oral discussion. it is also an opportunity for students to write their opinions or questions about what was read or discussed

A measure of the child reading achievement derived fby adding 5.2 to a grade equivalent score obtained from a reading achievement measure

Reading Expectancy

The grae level at which the student is expected to be reading based on mental age or IQ

Reading Readiness

A term used to reger to a child's preparation for beginning reading instruction

Reciprocal Teaching

A strategy designed to develop comprehension where students and teacehrs exchange roles in developing metacognitive strategies

Remedial Readers

Readers who have severe problems and perform considerably below their potential level

Request Procedure

A comprehension strategy where students generate questions about reading

Running Records

An observation and scripted record of a child's reading behavior used for instructional purposes

Building blocks of cognition in the mind

The strategy of looking for meaning, structure, and /or visual cues in text

The oral division of words into individual sounds, for example elongating sounds in words without stopping between sounds l-o-o-k

Meaning based aids for understanding a word or phrase

This term implies that what a student can do with help, the eventually can do on their own. To facilitate this, students work in partnership with a more experienced or advanced peer or adult. Partner scaffolds the task by engaging in appropriate instructional interactions designed to model or assist. Eventually they lead to independence

Self Monitoring

This is the ultimate goal of guided reading. Students learn to monitor their own reading behaviors and use appropriate strategies to effectively decode and comprehend a text

Self-Correction

The strategy of error correction during text reading

Self-Extending System

Occurs when literacy activities become self monitored, self corrected, and self managed using a cueing system of skills and strategies

Sight Words or Sight Vocabulary

Words that are automatically recalled on sight becuase theya re familiar to the reader

Distinct items of literacy knowledge

The division of a word into syllables

Stages of Writing

The eight stages of acquisition students use to understanding writing

Literacy behaviors used to problem solve during reading and writing

The grammar and syntax of the language used as a cue during reading

Structural Analysis

The strategy of using morphemes to identify words and determine their meanings

Phonological segments of speech with a vowel or vowel like sound

Silent sustained reading each student chooses a book or books to read for a designanted period of time (15-20 min)

Story Map/Frame

A graphic organizer of major events and ideas from a story to help guide students' thinking and heghten awareness of the structure of stories. The teacher can model this process by filling out a chart and going over story elements as a group

Using this strategy the teacher models aloud for the students the thinking processes used when reading or writing. After creating an example, the teacher leads a discussion about how certain conclusions were reached about what was read or about how something was written

Quality literature

The printed text, letters, chunks, and words used as cues during reading

Writer's Workshop

A stable format for writing that balances instruction and modeling with an adequate time for composing, sharing, and publishing. A constant, sustained time for writing is set aside each day. Through modeled writing and discussion about it, students learn about the recursive nature of the writing process.

Vowels you hear in the middle of a word; usually follow the VCV pattern

Neither long nor short, this vowel sound depends on the R that follows it

Two vowels comibne to make a single sound

Vowel sounds that are marked with a macron above the letter

The part of the syllable that comes before the vowel; also found in phonograms with rimes

A, e , i, o, u and sometimes y and sometimes w

A vowel blend aka a whiner

Consonant Blend

Two or three consonants blended togehter in speech, yet each letter's phonemic contrubution can be detected

Phonemic Awareness

The understanding that language is made up of a pattern of sounds and these sounds repeat themselves

Alphabetic Principle

The concept that sounds have graphic representation

Independent Level of Reading

The level at which a reader has 95-100% accuaracy in word recognition

Instructional Reading Level

Level at which children read with 90-95% fluency

Frustration Level

Books taht are too difficult and child reads with less than 90% accuracy

Emergent Reading Level

Child has concepts of print and can read along with teh teacher using charts and big books

Lifelong Reader

Child reads for pleasure selecting age appropriate books and would rather read than watch tv

Aesthetic Reading

Reading for pleasure

Basal Reader Program

Reading textbooks that are leveled according to grade

Concepts of Print

Basic understanding about the way print works including the direction of print, spacing, punctuation, letters, and words

Reading smoothly quickly and with expression

Content Area Reading

Reading in social studies, science, and other areas of the cirriculum

Words that mean the opposite

Worsd that are spelled alike but are pronounced differently

A stylistic device involving obvious exaggerations

A word study activity in which children group words into categories

Words that mean nearly the same thing

Teacher writes breif notes about each child and describes strategies that are observed

Carefully constructed diagnositc test which includes miscue analysis, comprehension questions and story retelling

A scoring guide which may have dfferent levels describing the quality of the work

An assessment which measures a child' fluency during oral reading

A phonemic awareness test developed to measure the skill of segmentation

A strategy in which children state waht htey think will happen in a story adn then read to verify their guesses

Children create mental images of what they are reading or writing

Children ask themselves questions whiel they are reading and writing to make sure the passage makes sense

Readers choose important ideas to remember

Studenst make judgements about, reflect on, and value the books theya reading and writing

Vocabulary is the key component of this system

The system deals with the social aspects of language use

Syntactic System

This system is the grammar that regulates how words are comibned into sentences

Phonological System

The sound system of english with approximately 44 sounds and more than 500 ways to spell the 44 sounds

Background Knowledge

Reader's knowledge about the topic

Sentence level comprehension in which readers chunk ideas into phrases

Elaborative Processes

Readers organize and summarize ideas as they read

Intergrative Processes

Readers infer connections and relationships between clauses and sentences

Stories that began hundreds of years ago and were passed down from storytellers before being written down

Sotries that could not really take place but must have some basis in reality

Realistic Fiction

Sotries that are lifelike and believeable without magic or supernatural powers

The sequence of events involving characters in conflict situations

Readability Formula

A method of estimating the difficult level of informational text

This display of high frequency words in a list of pocket chart for children to refer to

Interactive Writing

Children and teachers create a message and share the pen as they write the message

Readers Theatre

Students are actors and they read aloud from a script based on a story they are reading

Graphic Organizer

Weblike diagrams on single sheet of paper which main ideas and branches are drawn

Anticipation Guide

A list of statements about a topic taht children discuss before reading an informational book

The most common type of poetry, but difficult for children to write without sounding inane

Unrhymed poetry

Narrative Verse

Poems that tell a story

A japanese poetic form that contains just 17 syllables arranged in 3 lines

Words that sound like what they mean....buzz, bam, crash, neigh

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