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AP Euro - Unit 11: Global Conflicts (Terms)

Terms in this set (38)

Great Depression
starting with collapse of the US stock market in 1929, period of worldwide economic stagnation and depression. Heavy borrowing by European nations from the U.S. during World War I contributed to instability in European economies. Sharp declines in income and production as buying and selling slowed down. Widespread unemployment, countries raised tariffs to protect their industries. America stopped investing in Europe. Lead to loss of confidence that economies were self adjusting.
mixed economy
economy in which private enterprise exists in combination with a considerable amount of government regulation and promotion.
Weimar Republic
German republic founded after the World War I and the downfall of the German Empire's monarchy; blamed for the "stab in the back."
Sinn Fein
Irish republican political movement founded in 1905 to promote independence from England and unification of Ireland.
Popular Front
government of the French political alliance of Communists, Socialists, and Radicals that took power in France in 1936 to enact social and economic reforms.
War Communism
application of centralized state control during the Russian Civil War, in which the Bolsheviks seized grain from peasants, introduced rationing, nationalized all banks and industry, and required everyone to work.
New Economic Policy
policy proclaimed by Vladimir Lenin in 1924 to encourage the revival of the Soviet economy by allowing small private business and farming using markets instead of communist state ownership.
Comintern (3rd International)
international Communist organization founded in Moscow in March 1919; intended to fight "by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and for the creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the State," for the purpose of encouraging worldwide communist revolution.
Five-Year Plans
plans introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state.
collectivization
creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants; part of Stalin's economic and political planning; often adopted in other Communist regimes.
fascism
governmental system led by a dictator having complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, regimenting all industry, commerce, etc., and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often racism.
Reichstag
parliament of Germany before 1945 (and the name of its building).
Nazism
national socialism - in practice a far-right wing ideology that was based largely on racism and ultra-nationalism used by Adolf Hitler to unite Germany during the 1930s.
Nazi SA Storm Troopers
party militia that helped Adolf Hitler rise to power in Germany; created in 1922 to guard Nazi Party meetings, but in actuality, Hitler meant for the group to serve as the Nazi army.
Mein Kampf
"My Struggle"- book written by Adolf Hitler during his imprisonment in 1923-1924, in which he set forth his beliefs and his goals for Germany.
Kellogg-Briand Pact
agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another
police state
totalitarian state controlled by a political police force that secretly supervises the citizens' activities.
Nazi SS
Nazi police force that enforced the strict rules and regulations imposed on the people within Nazi controlled areas.
Nuremberg Laws
placed severe restrictions of Jews, prohibited from marrying non-Jews, attending schools or universities, holding government jobs, practicing law or medicine or publishing books.
Kristallnacht
(Night of the Broken Glass) when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews on November 9, 1938.
Final Solution / Holocaust
Nazi Germany's plan and execution of its systematic genocide against European Jews during World War II, resulting in the final, most deadly phase of the Holocaust
Lebensraum
Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people; justification for Operation Barbarossa.
appeasement
satisfying the demands of dissatisfied powers in an effort to maintain peace and stability.
Sudetenland
an area in western Czechoslovakia that was coveted by Hitler and was turned over to Germany following the Munich Conference.
Munich Pact
agreement made between Germany, Italy, Great Britain, and France in 1938 that sacrificed the Sudetenland to preserve peace; Chamberlain said it guaranteed "peace in our time"
blitzkrieg
"lighting war" - type of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939 intended to bring about a swift victory.
Maginot Line
system of defensive fortifications along France's border with Germany built prior to World War II.
Luftwaffe
the German air force before and during World War II
RAF
Britain's Royal Air Force
Operation Barbarossa
Codename for Nazi Germany's surprise invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II that pushed the Soviets 1,000 miles back to the gates of Moscow.
Battle of Stalingrad
unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union; each side sustained hundreds of thousands of casualties with Germany's defeat marked turning point in the war.
D-Day
June 6, 1944 - 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower; opened up the Western Front in Europe.
ghettos
sections of towns and cities in which Jews were forced to live.
pseudoscience
fake or false science that makes claims based on little or no scientific evidence.
Vichy France
Nazi-controlled puppet state in southern France established by Hitler and headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain.
Atlantic Charter
pledge signed by U.S. president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of World War II and to work for peace after the war laying the ground work for the United Nations.
Tehran Conference
first major meeting between the Big Three (FDR, Churchill, Stalin) at which they planned the 1944 assault on France and agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation after the war.
Potsdam Conference
final wartime meeting of the Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill that discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War.
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