RADT 1060: Chapter 9

Term
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The largest individual vertebrae are the?
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Terms in this set (102)
The largest individual vertebrae are the?
the five lumbar vertebrae
The cartilaginous disk between the inferior lumbar vertebrae are the most common site for?
Injury and pathology
The intervertebral foramina is situated at________to MSP
90*
When the superior vertebral notch and the inferior vertebral notch are stacked on top of each other they form an opening called?
The intervertebral foramina
The superior vertebral notch is the half-moon shaped area on the superior surface of the?
Pedicle
The inferior vertebral notch is the half-moon shaped area on the inferior surface of the?
Pedicle
What passes through the intervertebral foramina?
Spinal nerves and blood vessels
The intervertebral foramina are best demonstrated in what position?
True lateral position
Each typical vertebrae has how many articulating processes?
4
The zygapophyseal joint is situated at _____ to MSP
30-50*
The zygapophyseal joint is demosntrated in what position?45*What forms a bridge between the transverse process?LaminaWhat's another name for the lamina is the lumbar vertebrae?Pars interarticularispars interarticularis is best demonstrated on what position?Oblique lumbar vertebraeWhat is inferior to the lumbar vertebrae?SacrumThe sacrum is _______ shaped with the ________ pointed inferiorly and anteriorly?Shovel; apexHow many sacral foramina are the in the sacrum?Four sets or 8 totalWhat are the large masses of bones on the sacrum called?AlaThe two superior articular processes of the sacrum form ______ joint with the inferior articular processes of the fifth lumbar vertebrae?ZygapophysealWhat is the anterior ridge of the first sacral segment called that helps form the wall of the inlet on a true pelvis?PromontoryPosterior to the the body of the first sacral segment is the opening of the?Sacral canalWhat is formed by fused spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae?Median sacral crestThe sacrum articulates with the ileum of the of the pelvis at the______ to form the sacroiliac joint?Auricular surfaceWhat are the small tubercles that project inferior from each side of the fifth sacral segment and articulates with the corresponding horns of the coccyx?Sacral hornsThe sacroiliac joint appears open and the superior articular processes are also seen in what position?Posterior oblique position at a 30* angleWhat is the most distal portion of the vertebral column?CoccyxThe distal pointed tip of the coccyx is termed?ApexThe superior portion of the coccyx is termed?BaseA ________ patient is more likely to experience a fracture of the coccyx than a__________ patient?Female; maleWhat is seen on an RPO/LPO 45* oblique position?It shows the zygapophyseal joint on the downsideWhat is seen on RAO/LAO 45* oblique position?It shows the zygapophyseal joint on the upsideWhat is the classification of the zygapophyseal joint?Synovial —- diarthrodial —- plane glidingWhat is the classification of the intervertebral joints?Cartilaginous —- amphiarthrodial —-Xiphoid tip corrosponds with?T9-T10ASIS corresponds with?S1-S2Iliac crest corresponds with?L4-L5Lower costal margin corresponds with?L2-L3Ankylosing spondylitisInflammatory condition in sacroiliac joint and progresses up the vertebral column. The spine may become rigid as the intervertebral and costovertebral joints fuse. It is most common in men in there 30'sCompression fractureUsually wedge shaped due to the collapse of the vertebrae. This is when the superior and inferior vertebral bodies are driven togetherChance fractureIs due to hyperflexion force that cause fracture through the vertebral body and posterior element. People who where lap seatbelts are at riskHerniated nucleus pulposus (herniated lumbar disk)It is a slipped disk Usually due to improper lifting, the inner nucleus protrudes through the outer fibrous layer. Most commonly occurs at L4-L5 causing sciaticaLordosisIs increased concavity of the lumbar spineMetastasesMalignant neoplasms that spread to distant sites via blood and lymphatics.What are the common sites for metastatic lesions?VertebraeOsteolyticDestructive lesions with irregular marginsOsteoblasticProliferative bony lesions of increased densityCombination osteolytic and osteoblasticMoth-eaten appearance of bone resulting from a mixture of destructive and blasting lesion.ScoliosisIs an exaggerated lateral curve of the spineSpina bifidaIs a congenital condition in which posterior aspects of the vertebrae fail to develop, thus exposing part of the spinal cord. Occurs most often at L5SpondylolisthesisInvolves the forward movement of one vertebrae in relation to another. It is commonly due to developmental defect in pars interarticularis. May result from severe spondylosis or osteoarthritis. It is most common L5-S1SpondylolysisIs the dissolution of a vertebrae, such as from aplasia of the vertebral arch and separation of the pars interarticularis of the vertebrae. Scottie dog appears brokenSuperior articular process is the ear of the?Scottie dogTransverse process is the nose of the?Scottie dogPedicle is the eye of the?Scottie dogPars interarticularis is the neck of the?Scottie dogInferior articular process is leg of the?Scottie dogWhat joint is located between the leg of the Scottie dog and ear of the Scottie dog?Zygapophyseal jointZygapophyseal joint is seen on what side of the posterior oblique?DownsideZygapophyseal is seen on what side of the anterior oblique?UpsideGonadal shielding should alway be done on who when radiographing L spines?MenDescribe AP lumbar spinePatient is lying supine with there hips and knees flexed CR centered to the level of the iliac crest — 1 1/2 inch above the iliac crest 40" SID 14x17 IR 75-95 exposure factors Taken on expirationWhat is seen on an AP Lumbar spine?T12-S1 No rotation — spinous process midline, SI joints equal distance Collimation to include SI jointsDescribe Oblique lumbar spinePerson is lying prone or supine and obliqued 45* degrees to affected side CR is 1-2 inches above the iliac crest — 2" medial to upside ASIS 40" SID 14x17 75-95What is seen on a oblique lumbar projectionL1-S1 Zygapophyseal joints Pedicles anterior to center of vertebral bodyIf the body is rotated to much lateral the pedicles will be demonstrated more what?PosteriorDescribe Lateral lumbar spinePatient in lateral recumbent position with entire lumbar spine parallel to IR CR perpendicular to long axis of spine and centered 1-2 inches above the iliac crest 40" SID, 14x17, 90-110 kVpWhat is seen on lateral lumbar spineT12 distal sacrum Intervertebral disk spaces open Intervertebral foramina openDescribe Lateral L5-S1 (spot)Patient is in a lateral recumbent position CR perpendicular to IR 5-8* caudal angle if no CR 1 1/2 inch posterior to ASIS 40" SID 8x10 90-100 kVWhat is seen on lateral L5-S1 (spot)L5-S1 joint spaces openDescribe AP axial L5-S1When patient is supine CR is angle 30* male and 35* women cephalad and centered midline and at level of ASIS 40" SID 8x10 80-90kVWhat is seen on an AP axial L5-S1L5-S1 space demsontrated No pelvic rotationRoutine scoliosis projectionsAP (PA) erect Erect lateralSpecial projection of scoliosisAP (Ferguson's) method AP right and left bending Lateral hyperflexion and hyperextensionPA (AP) projection of scoliosis seriesPatient is erect the lower IR border 1-2 inches below iliac crest and CR centered to the IR CR perpendicular to IR 40" —- 14x17 —- 85-95 kVWhat is seen on an PA (AP) projection of scoliosis seriesThoracolumbar spine Use of compensating filters 1-2" iliac crest demsontratedDoing scoliosis projections greatly reduce _____ of the breast but doing it PA increases _______?Patient dose; OIDDescribe erect lateral scoliosis seriesPatient is in a true lateral erect position Lower border of IR 1-2 inches below iliac crest and CR centered to IR More convex side of the curve towards the IR 40" SID 14x17 85-95What is seen on erect lateral scoliosis seriesThoracolumbar spine Use of compensating filter 1-2 inches iliac crest demonstratedFerguson method PA projection scoliosis methodPatient erect; 2 exposure taken; elevate convex side. IR is 1-2 inches below the the iliac crest and CR centered to IR 40" SID 14x17 85-95 exposure factorsWhat is seen on the PA projection Ferguson methodThoracolumbar spine Vertebral column centered 1 inch of the iliac crest dmeosntratedDescribe AP right and left bending: scoliosis seriesPatient is supine with maximum lateral flexion place bottom edge of IR 1-2" below iliac crest and center CR to IR 40" SID 14x17 80-90 kVWhat is seen on an AP right and left bending: scoliosis series?Thoracolumbar spine Vertebral column centered 1 inch of iliac crest demosntratedLateral spinal fusion series: hyperflexion and hyperextensionPatient is in a lateral recumbent position they are hyperflexed and hyperextended CR is centered to the site of the fusion if know or to the IR. The IR bottom edge is 1-2 inches below the iliac crest 40" SID 14x17 90-100 kVWhat is seen on lateral spinal fusion series: hyperflexion and hyperextendedThoracic and lumbar vertebrae and 1-2 inches of the iliac crestAP axial projection sacrumPatient is lying supine CR is is angled 15* cephalad and centered 2" superior to symphysis pubis 40" SID 10x12 75-90What is seen on the AP axial projection sacrum?Sacrum not foreshortened Sacral foramina visualizedAP axial coccyxPatient is lying supine CR is angled 10* caudad and centered 2" superior to symphysis pubis 40" SID 8x10 75-85 exposure factorsWhat is seen on the AP axial coccyx?Coccyx free of superimposition, gas, and feces No rotationLateral sacrum and coccyxPatient is a lateral recumbent position CR perpendicular and centered 3-4" posterior to ASIS 40" SID 10x12 85-100What is seen on the lateral sacrum and coccyxSacrum and coccyx in profile not rotationLateral coccyxPatient in a lateral recumbent position CR perpendicular and centered 3-4" posterior and 2 inches distal to ASIS 40" SID 8x10 75-90KvWhat is seen on a lateral coccyxCoccyx with open Segment interspaceAP axial SI jointsPatient is lying supine with CR angled 30* for males and 35* for females cephalad and centered 2" below the level of the ASIS 40" SID 10x12 80-100 KVWhat is seen on the AP axial SI jointsSacroiliac joints center to collimation field L5-S1 junction is openPosterior oblique SI jointsPatient is lying supine or prone and angled 25-30* with affected side elevated CR perpendicular to 1" medial to the upside of the ASIS 40" SID 10x12 80-90KVWhat is seen on a posterior oblique SI jointsSacroiliac joints open Ala of ileum overlapping over the sacrum —If the Ala overlap the sacrum that means it is?Rotated to muchCervical RPO demonstrates?Left intervertebral foramina — the upsideThoracic RPO demonstrates the?Left zygapophyseal joint—— the upsideLumbar RPO demonstrates the?Right zygapophyseal joint — downsideSI joints RPO demonstrates the?Left sacroiliac joint — upsideTips to knowing a lateral spine isn't lateralThe twin peaks should not be seen and the superior articular processes should be superimposed