Upgrade to remove ads
Only $35.99/year

NCE

Terms in this set (861)

Freuds stages are...
psychosexual
Eriksons stages are
psychosocial
Psychodynamic theorists focus on ____ process rather than cognitive factors
unconscious
which psychoanalyst created developmental theory that encompasses entire life span
Erik Erikson
the ID is also called the
pleasure principle
the EGO is also called the
reality principle
Jay Haley
known for his work in strategic and problem solving therapy, often utilizing the technique of paradox
Arnold Lazarus
He is a known behavioral therapist who worked specifically with methods of desensitization and phobias. He is most associated with Multimodal Therapy.
Robert Perry
Known for his ideas related to adult cognitive development; especially regarding college students
Jean Piaget four stages
sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations
Jean Piaget was criticized by others because
his findings often derived from observing his own children
conservation
notion that substances weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape
children master conservation in what stage
concrete (think C) 7-11 yrs old
Who expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of Moral Development?
Lawrence Kohlberg
Lev Vygotsky
leading theorist of moral development, believed that stages unfold due to educational intervention
Reversibility
one can undo an action; an object can return to its intial shape
who termed reversibility
Jean Piaget
reversibility happens in which stage
Concrete operational thought
egocentrism occurs in which stage
preoperational thought, 6 yrs
egocentrism
child cannot view the world from the vantage point of someone else
Lawrence Kohlberg had how many levels of morality
3, preconventional, conventional, postconventional
Heinz dilemma
method used by Kohlberg to assess level and stage of moral development
identity crisis comes from which theorist
Erik Erikson
Trust vs Mistrust coined by ___ in which stage
Erikson, first stage
Erikson's final stage
Integrity vs Despair
Erikson has how many life stages
8
Kohlberg's first level (preconventional) is guided by
consequences
Kohlbergs 2ns level of morality is
conventional
In the conventional stage of morality, there is a desire to
live up to society's expectations, and conform
highest level of morality
postconventional
postconventional morality
self-imposed moral principles rather than set by society or family
some people may never reach which level of moral development
postconventional
coined concept "zone of proximal development"
Lev Vygotsky
zone of proximal development
the difference between what children can do with assistance and what they can do alone
theorists considered maturationists
Fred and Erikson- means people mature over time
maturationists believe
that certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary environmental stimuli are present
John Bowlby
bonding and attachment
In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur?
generativity v stagnation
Harry Harlow
Studied attachment in monkeys with artificial mothers
Maccoby and Carol research
found that males outperformed females in mathematics not until high school or college
Harry Harlows experiments showed
baby monkeys were more likely to cling to terry-cloth surrogate mother than wire surrogate mother
Freud's psychosexual stages
oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital stage
suicide rates ___ with age
increase
the fear of death is greatest
during middle age
attachment is most significant during what freudian stage
oral
this freudian stage least involves sexuality
latency (6-12)
Stanley Coopersmith
Found that child-rearing practices have impacts in self-esteem. Children who had the reasons for punishment explained to them and understood them were found to have higher self-esteem.
stage theorists assume
qualitative changes between stages occur
Cephalocaudal
head to toe
Piaget's final stage
formal operational thought
in formal operational thought stage
abstract thinking emerges and problems can be solved using deduction
Kohlberg has __ stages and __ levels
6 stages broken into 3 levels
which stage does the Oedipus complex occur in
phallic stage
The female version of the Oedipus complex is
Electra complex
Order of Freud's stages
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk coined term...
visual cliff
Empiricists
theorists that believe development consists of quantitative changes
John Lock coined this theory
empiricism
Empiricism is the forerunner of
behaviorism
empiricism believes developmental changes are
quantitative
organicism
believes developmental changes are qualitative
reflexes important in which stage
sensorimotor
object permanence/ object constancy requires
representational thought
schema
a conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world
schema of permanency and constancy occurs in what stave of life
sensorimotor birth to 2
john Bowlby asserted that
conduct disorders and psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood
the term instinctual used by clinicians means
behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species
ethology was coined by
Konrad Lorenz
ethology means
studying animals' behavior in natural environment
comparative psychology
comparing lab research of animals to generalizations made to humans
centration occurs in which stage
preoperational
centration means
focusing on a key feature of a given object or situation while not noticing the rest of it
Piaget's view towards teaching children
teachers should lecture less bc children in concrete operations stage learn best by their own actions and experimentation
acquisition of symbolic schema happens in which Piaget stage
preoperational stage
what do Freud and Erikson agree about
each developmental stage needs to be resolved before an individual could move onto next
reinforcers do what
increase probability that behavior will occur
which theorist coined object loss
Bowlby
object loss means
protest to despair to detachment
primal scene means
child witnessing parents having intercourse
the preconscious mind is
deeper than the conscious but not as deep as the unconscious
BASIC-ID means
behavior, affective responses, sensations, imagery, cognitions, interpersonal relationships, and drugs
animism occurs when
child acts as if nonliving things have lifelike abilities
animism occurs in which stage
preoperational period 2-7 yrs
When did Elementary school counseling and guidance services begin gain momentum?
1960s
Daniel J Levinson research showed
men in study experienced moderate to sever midlife crises and age 30 crisis occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes
theorist most concerned with maternal deprivation
Harry Harlow
fixation occurs when
development comes to a halt
phobia vs. anxiety is
anxiety reaction = client is unaware of fear
freud felt morality developed from
superego
the father of transactional analysis
Eric Berne
theorist that believes aggression is inborn
Konrad Lorenz
the father of guidance
Frank Parsons
In initial stage of Kohlbergs morality
fear is guided by punishment
critical period means
when an organism is susceptible to a specific developmental process
imprinting means
rapid learning during a critical period of development; infant will follow moving object
imprinting was coined by the work of
Konrad Lorenz
higher order needs can also be called
metaneeds
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs states
lower order physiological and safety needs and higher order needs, like self-actualization
Maslow researched self-actualization by
interviewing the best people he could find that escaped the psychology of the average
Piaget is
a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative.
Piaget said the act of taking in new information is called
assimilation
accommodation refers to
the modification of a childs cognitive structure (schemas) to deal with the new information
nomenclature is also called
equilibrium or equilibration
maturational viewpoint of development believes
the mind is seen as being driven by instincts while environment provides nourishment
maturational counselors allow
clients to work through early conflicts
ritualistic behaviors are known as
fixed-action patterns brought on by sign stimuli
Robert Kegan and holding environment mean
client can make meaning in face of crisis and can find new direction
Kegan 6 stages of life span development
incorporative, impulsive, imperial, interpersonal, institutional, and interindividual
counseling someone from another cultural background is considered
cross-cultural, multicultural, and intercultural
cultural pluralism means
a minority group will keep their own unique cultural values and will participate in wider/ dominant culture
each socioeconomic group represents
a separate culture
two theorists that agreed individuals have an instinct to fight regardless of culture
freud and lorenz
which theorist had no part in social psychology
Berne
the APGA became the what until 1992
AACD
the APGA, or AACD, became the
ACA
ACA helped with the growth of cross cultural counseling by
forming the association for non-white concerns in personnel and guidance
Daniel Levinson wrote which book
Seasons of a Mans Life and Seasons of a womans life
Daniel Levinson postulated what about men and women
men - midlife crisis between 40-45 and women approx 5 years earlier
Levinsons theory is believed to be biased for what reason
against women for not accounting for developmental changes
3 factors that enhance interpersonal attraction
close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs
contextualism means
behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs
Carol Gilligan felt Kohlbergs theory...
was more applicable to males than females
what helped popularize the multicultural counseling movement
the civil rights movement
probable outcome in cases also referred to as
prognosis
recommendations are
what the counselor believes must transpire from psychotherapeutic standpoint
frustration aggression theory associated with
John Dollard and Neal Miller
Dollard/Miller hypothesis
frustration leads to aggression
Albert Ellis was the father of what approach
rational emotive behavior therapy
popular cognitive consistency or balance theory in social psychology
Festingers
balance theory suggests
people strive for consistency or balance in terms of their belief system
statistical norms measure
actual conduct
cultural norms describe
how people are supposed to act
mores are
beliefs and social customs on rightness and wrongness of behavior
who was the first to focus on sociocultural issues
Frank Parsons
universal culture indicates
biological similarities and sameness
Emory Bogardus established
social distance scale
Bogardus Social Distance Scale evaluated
how individual felt toward other ethnic groups
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
one should ask for a small favor and their chances of having someone agree to a larger favor after that are greater
there can be many cultures within a...
society
is ethnocentrism universal?
yes
acculturation
the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture
modal personality is
one that is characteristic or typical of a group in question
a popular individual most likely has
good social skills
social exchange theory says
a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs
terminal drop theory
dramatic decreases in intellectual functioning does occur only in the final 5 years of life
approach approach conflict theory coined by
Leon Festinger
approach-approach conflict
Conflict that results from having to choose between two attractive alternatives
bystander effect
the finding that a person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders
cognitive dissonance theory
person will look for things that are consistent with their behavior
middle and upperclass citizens in US want counselor to
help them work out problems on their own
cog dissonance research deals mainly with
cognition and attitude formation
which theory is used most often to promote understanding between cultures and races
Rogerian person-centered
therapeutic surrender
occurs when a client is able to trust the counselor and self-discloses.
(Building rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and self-disclosure are helpful in promoting therapeutic surrender.)
assimilation contrast theory
client perceives counselor's somewhat similar attitude/statement as even more similar (assimilation error) and dissimilar attitudes as even more dissimilar (contrast error).
negative transference can be mistaken for
therapeutic resistance
monolithic perspective
indicates that the counselor perceives all the people in a given group as being identical
structure in multicultural counseling is...
important! explain roles in initial session
connotation error
misunderstanding the emotional context of the word when the dictionary definition is different
which case was a prime factor in history of multicultural counseling
Brown vs Board of Education, outlawed segregation in schools
multicultural counseling promotes
eclecticism
emic frame of reference
wants to know what someone participating in a culture thinks; emphasizes that each client is an individual with differences
etic view of reference
emphasizes that clients are similar
alloplastic means
changing external factors
autoplastic means
changing own thoughts and behaviors
a conversion disorder should be suggested when
a client is exhibiting symptoms which cannot be accounted for via medical exams
malingering
Deliberate faking of a physical or psychological disorder motivated by gain.
ambivalent transference is
uncertainty
personalism in multicultural counseling means
counselor will make best progress if he or she sees the client primarily as a person who has learned a set of survival skills rather than as a diseased patient
social facilitation coined by
Floyd Allport
social facilitation means
the presence of others improves an individual's performance even when there is no verbal interaction
the sleeper effect means
after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message
what authors helped introduce social psychology
mcdougall and ross "introduction to social psychology"
who is associated with obedience and authority
Stanley Milgram- pyschologist
milgram was known for what study
fatal shock punishment research when told to do so by authority figures
tendency to affiliate with others is highest...
in firstborns and only children
avoidance-avoidance conflict
a choice must be made between two unattractive goals
Osgood & Tannenbaum's congruity theory
client will accept suggestions more readily if the client likes the counselor
Muzafer Sherif et al and boys camp research
a cooperative goal attained by working in joint manner can bring two hostile groups together, reducing competition
Asch situation
people will conform to an obviously incorrect decision one third of the time
introspection
examination of one's own thoughts and feelings
introspection says what about those in social class
those in higher social classes would be able to engage in self examination or reflection
which theorist created individual psychology
Adler
which theorist created analytic psychology
Jung
transactional analysis three ego states
child, adult, parent
who created transactional analysis
Eric Berne
topographic notion
mind has depth like an ice berg
the parent is equal to what freudian state
superego; morality
resolution of the Oedipus complex is done by
identification with the parent of the opposite sex
the ego is
the executive part of personality that directs rational behavior; reality principle
the id is driven by
instincts
the superego is
the conscience driven by morality
Eros means
love
Thanatos means
death
the id is driven by what priniciple
the pleasure principle
which freudian principle is the balancer in morality
the ego (executor)
who developed systematic desensitization