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The Recovery and Reform of the Catholic church

Terms in this set (56)

In the early middle ages, the catholic church had played a leading role in converting and civilizing first the ___________________ invaders and later the _________________ and __________________
Germanic, Vikings, Magyars
Since the eight century, popes reigned supreme and had come to exercise control over the territories in central Italy known as the _____________ states
Papal
This kept the popes involved in _________________ matters, often at the expense of their __________________ obligations
political, spiritual
The church also became entangled in the evolving ______________________________ relationships
lord-vassal
The __________________ ideal had also suffered during the early middle ages. Discipline had declined, and with it their reputation for ___________________ and ___________________
monastic, learning, holiness
Reform of the Catholic Church began in __________________ in eastern France in _________ when Duke William of Aquitaine founded the abbey of ______________
Burgundy,910, Cluny
the monastery began with a renewed dedication to the highest spiritual ideals of ______________________ rule
Benedictine
The monastery was deliberately kept independent from _______________ control
secular
The reform sparked an enthusiastic response, first in _____________ and eventually in all of western and central ______________
France, Europe
The movement also began to reach beyond monasticism and into the _______________ itself, which was in dire need of help
papacy
One of the reforming popes primary goal was to free the church from the interference of ____________ in the election of church officials. This issue was dramatically taken up by the greatest of the reform popes of the eleventh century, _______________________________(1073-1085)
lords, Gregory VII
He claimed that he- the pope- was God;s "_________________________" and that the popes authority extended over all of Christendom and included the right to depose _________________ if they disobeyed his wishes
Vicar on Earth, emperors
he sought nothing less than the elimination of _____________________________ ( both interference by nonmembers of the clergy in election sand their participation in the installation of prelates)
lay investiture
The pope soon found himself in conflict with the king of Germany ____________________ over these claims
Henry IV
In the year _________, pope Gregory issued a decree forbidding important clerics from receiving _____________________ from lay leaders
1075, Investiture
The immediate cause of the so-called _____________________ controversy was a disputed election to the bishopric of _________________ in northern Italy, an important position because the bishop was also the ruler of the city
Investiture, Milan
To gain acceptance of this candidate, the pope threatened the king with _________________________ a censure by which a person is deprivd of receiving the sacraments of the chrch
excommunication
the struggle between king and pope continued until 1122, when a new German king and a new pope acheived a compromise called the _____________ of ________________
concordat, Worms
A set of new ideals championed by activist reformers in the eleventh century now supported the "freedom of the church," which meant not only the freedom of the church to control its own affairs but also extreme claims of papal authority, even to ________________ kings under certain circumstances
depose
___________________ directives affected the actions of ____________________ and ________________ alike while __________________ teaching and practices touched the economic, social, intellectual, cultural, and daily loves of all Europeans
Papal, kings, princes, Christian
By the ________ century, the Catholic Church possessed a clearly organized, hierarchical structure
12
The pope and _______________________ were at the apex of the administration structure
papal curia
In the ___________ century, the Catholic Church reached the height of its political, intellectual, and secular power
13
The papal monarchy extended its sway over both ______________________ and __________________ affairs, as was especially evident during the papacy of Pope __________________________
ecclesiastical, temporal, Innocent III
His actions were those of a man who believed the pope was the supreme _______________ of European affairs
judge
He forced king ______________________________________ of France to take back his wife and queen after trying to have the marriage annulled
Philip II Augustus
To achieve his political ends, he used the spiritual weapons at his common especially the __________________, which forbade priests to dispense the sacraments of the church
interdict
New religious enthusiasm in the 11th and 12th centuries brought about the creation of a new monastic order, the _______________________, founded in ____________
Cistercian, 1098
The new order spread rapidly from southern ______________ into the rest of Europe
France
They played a major role in developing a new _________________- spiritual model for 12th century Europe
activist
Saint _______________________________________, more than any other person, embodied the new spiritual ideal of Cistercian monasticism
Bernard of Clairvaux
One of the most distinguished German nuns of the time was _________________________________ who became abbess of a covenant at Disibodenberg in western Germany
Hildegard of Bingen
She produced 3 books based on her ___________________ visions and officials of church and state sought her advice
mystical
In the early _________ century, 2 religious leaders , Saint ________________ and Saint __________________ founded 2 new religious orders
13, Francis, Dominic
Their orders were known as ___________________ orders because their members adopted lives of deliberate poverty
mendicant
Francis drew up a simple rule for his followers that focused on the need to preach and the importance of _______________
poverty
Dominic was an intellectual who was particularly appalled by the recent growth of __________________ movements
heretical
The _______________________ of the Catholic Church ensured that the church was an integral part of peoples lives, from birth to death.
sacraments
The seven sacraments are.........
The Eucharist, baptism, marriage, penance, extreme unction, holy orders, confirmation
The sacraments were viewed as outward ________________ of an inward _____________
symbols, grace
Emphasis on the role of the saints was closely tied to the use of ____________, which also increased noticeably high middle ages
relics
These objects were believed to be capable of __________________ people or producing other ____________________
healing, miracles
In the high middle ages, it became a regular practice of the church to attach ___________________ to these objects, which would bring a remission of time spent in ____________________
indulgences, purgatory
Medieval Christians believed that a _____________________ to a holy shrine was of particular spiritual benefit
pilgrimage
the greatest shrine but the most difficult to reach was the Holy City of ______________________
Jerusalem
Two other pilgrim centers were especially popular in the HMA: ____________ which contained the relics of Saints Peter and Paul and the town of ________________________________ supposedly the site of the tomb of the apostle James
Rome, Santiago de Compostela
From the 12th century on, __________________, the holding of religious doctrines different from the orthodox teachings of the church as determined by the church authorities, became a serious problem for the Catholic Church
heresy
the best know of these was __________________, which believed in a dualist system in which good and evil were separate and distinct
Catharism
According to them, the Catholic church, itself a _______________________ institution, had nothing to do with God and was essentially evil
materialistic
This led to the emergence of the holy office, as the papal _______________________ was called, a formal court whose job it was to ferret out and try heretics
Inquisition
If the accused heretic confessed, he or she was forced to perform public _________________ and was subjected to punishment, such as flogging
penance
The religious enthusiasm of the HMA produced an outburst of intolerance against the supposed enemies of Christianity, the ______________, as they were viewed as being responsible or the death of Christ
Jews
The Fourth Lateran Council of __________ decreed that they must wear special clothing so they could be distinguished from Christians
1215
As the policy of expulsion spread into central Europe, most northern European Jews were forced to move into ____________________ as a last refuge
Poland
the climate of intolerance that characterized 13th century attitudes toward Muslims, Heretics, and Jews was also evident toward _____________________, commonly referred to as a " sin against nature"
homosexuals
This argument and laws prohibiting the activity on pain of severe punishment remained the norm in Europe and elsewhere in the Christian world until the ________the century
20
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