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anatomy chapter two review sheet
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Flashcards
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Terms in this set (128)
what are 4 inorganic compounds necessary for homeostasis?
water, acids, bases, salts
what is the difference in organic and inorganic?
organic contains carbon while inorganic lacks carbon
what is the most abundant inorganic compound? why?
water because it is essential for all chemical reactions to occur
list the characteristics of water that make it necessary for life
most abundant inorganic compound, high heat capacity, polarity/solvent properties, chemical reactivity, cushioning
water is the universal _____
solvent
when solute particles are small and cannot be seen in the mixture, it is called a __
solution
when solute particles are medium sized and cause the mixture to be translucent, it is called a ___
colloid
the the solute particles are fairly large and can be seen in the picture, it is called a __
suspension
virtually all chemical reactions are dependent on __
water
__ is a set of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes
metabolism
___ is the breakdown of materials through the process of __ where OH- and H+ are added to bonds when the large molecule splits to form smaller molecules
catabolism; hydrolysis
__ is the build up of materials through the process of __ where OH- and H+ are taken from bonds when 2 smaller molecules join to from a larger molecule
anabolsim; dehydration synthesis
hydrolysis
dehydration synthesis
water has a high heat capacity which allows the body to absorb a large amount of heat and still maintain constant ___
temperature
_ occurs when like molecules are attracted to each other. water is like this. because of the _ bonds between water molecules, water has _ surface tension which allows water to not evaporate as quickly
cohesion; hydrogen; high
_ occurs when unlike molecules are attracted to each other. water has this ability. give an example of how this process is used in the human body.
adhesion; blood flow
ice floats because the density of ice is _ than that of water
less
salts are _ compounds that ionize into a _ ion called a _ and a _ ion called a _
ionic; positive; cation; negative; anion
when salts are dissolved in water and ionize, the process is called _
dissociation
salts are important because they are vital to _ _. give an example
body functions; na and k ions are essential for nerve impulses
all _, _, and _ are electrolytes which means they will ___
salts; acids; bases; conduct electricity and ionize and dissociate in water
if electrolyte balances are disturbed, what happens?
virtually nothing works in the body
acid + base -> salt + water
neutralization
bitter taste
base
feel slippery
base
pH 3
acid
pH 7
salt
pH 7.35-7.45
blood
pH 9
base
proton acceptor
base
proton donor
acid
proton
acid
release H+
acid
release OH-
base
sour taste
acid
used to maintain pH
buffer
macromolecule - large molecule made up of smaller "_ _" called _
building units; monomers
to build bigger molecules, we extract _ to join monomers to make _ also called a macromolecule ( this process is _ _ )
water; polymer; dehydration synthesis
types of carbohydrates
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Types of monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose, ribose
types of disaccharides
sucrose, lactose, maltose
types of polysaccharides
starch, glycogen, cellulose
function of carbohydrates
short term energy storage
Structure of monosaccharides
structure of disaccharides
Structure of polysaccharides
monomer of carbohydrates
monosaccharides
carbohydrates end in
ose
types of triglycerides
saturated fats, unsaturated fats, trans fats, and omega 3 fatty acids
saturated fats have _ energy and a _ chain because it has a _ bond
high; straight; single
unsaturated fats have _ energy and a _ chain because it has a _ bond
low; bent; double
types of lipids
fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroid hormones, triglycerides
functions of lipids
long term energy storage, insulate against heat loss, cushion against physical shock, protection against dehydration, chemical messengers (hormones)
structure of saturated fats
structure of unsaturated fats
monomer of lipids
fatty acids
examples of proteins
keratin, collagen, hemoglobin
types of proteins
globular and fibrous
functions of proteins
building blocks for the body (growth/development), storing, transport, regulating things, structural components, movement
structure of globular protein
structure of fibrous protein
structure of amino acid
monomer of proteins
amino acids
2 main types of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
functions of nucleic acids
store genetic information (inheritance), better used for information storage rather than broken down for energy
structure of nucleotide
structure of dna
monomer of nucleic acids
nucleotides
blood sugar and universal fuel
glucose
cane sugar
sucrose
carbohydrate in plants ex potato
starch
energy needed by body cells
atp
found in cell wall
cellulose
long chain of simple sugars used for storage
polysaccharide
ratio 2 H to 1 O
carbohydrate
sugar in dna
deoxyribose
sugar in rna
ribose
top of cellular menu
glucose
3 fatty acids and glycerol
triglyceride
4 interlocking flat rings on a glycerol
steroid
body's most abundant and concentrated source of useable energy
triglyceride
e shaped
triglyceride
fat-found only in animals
saturated fats
found under skin and around organs
triglyceride
helps cells be selective
phospholipid
insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol and acetone
lipid
oil-found only in plants
unsaturated fats
phosphorus head and 2 fatty acids
phospholipid
sex hormones for reproduction
steroid hormones
steroid essential for human life
cholesterol
triglyceride with double bonds and bent chain
unsaturated fats
triglyceride with only single bonds and straight chain
saturated fats
unsaturated fat made into saturated fat like margarine
trans fat
account for over 50% of organic matter in the body
protein
binding chemical to build structures like bone and cartilage
collagen
biological catalysts
globular (enzymes)
building blocks of protein
amino acid
building blocks of proteins are held together by these
peptide bond
functional proteins
globular
not involved in reactions but speed up reactions
globular (enzymes)
place on enzymes where substrates (chemicals) dock
enzymes active site
protein in hair and nails
keratin
protein that provides immunity
antibodies
provide immunity, regulate growth, trigger reactions
globular
structural proteins
fibrous
what makes proteins different
r group
without these, biological reactions would be too "slow"
globular (enzymes)
blueprint for life
nucleic acids
carries amino acid to ribosomes
transfer rna
carries information for building proteins from DNA to ribosome
messenger rna
carries out orders for protein synthesis
rna
contains deoxyribose sugar
DNA
contains high energy
atp
contains ribose sugar
RNA
dictates protein structure
nucleic acids
double helix
dna
energy from glucose stored in its bonds
atp
energy in a usable form for body cells
atp
forms part of ribosome
ribosomal rna
genetic material found in the nucleus
dna
largest biological molecules in body
nucleic acids
located outside the nucleus
rna
made up of genes
nucleic acids
modified nucleotide
ATP
pyrimidines cytosine (c) and thymine (t)
dna
pyrimidines cytosine (c) and uracil (u)
rna
replicates in cell division
dna
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