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PATHO

Terms in this set (62)

Which one of the following statements about homeostasis and disease is NOT correct?
Loss of homeostasis forms the basis of most disease states
Cells have no mechanisms for compensating for loss of homeostasis, thus cell injury or cell death necessarily results from loss of homeostasis
If the cell does not regain homeostasis, cell injury may occur
Cellular injury can result in cellular death if homeostasis is not regained
Cells have no mechanisms for compensating for loss of homeostasis, thus cell injury or cell death necessarily results from loss of homeostasis
Temperature regulation is governed by the hypothalamus in a negative feedback loop. The hypothalamus would be considered the:
Receptor
Effector
Control center
Set point
control center
Which one of the following statements about the signs and symptoms of our heat stroke patient and negative feedback systems is correct?
Vasodilation is a controlled variable in direct response to increased body temperature
Increased HR is a controlled variable in direct response to increase body temperature
Vasoconstriction is a regulated variable in direct response to decreased blood pressure
Sweating is a regulated variable in direct response to increased body temperature
Vasodilation is a controlled variable in direct response to increased body temperature
Our heat stroke patient had a non measurable blood pressure. Which one of the following characteristics would most directly contribute causing her extremely low blood pressure?
Obese
Sweating until skin is dry and hot
Heart rate of 160 BPM
ECG reflects diffuse ST and T wave changes
Sweating until skin is dry and hot
Irreversible but not reversible, cell injury is characterized by:
A possible return to homeostasis
A massive influx of calcium
Autodigestion
All of the above
A massive influx of calcium
Which of the following statements about how normal cells can die is NOT correct?
A normal cell cannot die directly, but most undergo adaptation cell injury first
Normal cells can undergo adaptation which is a reversible process
Normal cells can undergo reversible injury which is a reversible process
Normal cells can undergo adaptation, progress to reversible cell injury and progress to cell death
A normal cell cannot die directly, but most undergo adaptation cell injury first
Biomarkers referred to as a cardiac panel are used in the eval of a MI. which of the following statements about these biomarkers are NOT correct?
Cardiac panel biomarkers are derived from dead and dying ells
Cardiac panel biomarkers can provide information about the extent and duration of tissue injury
Cardiac panel biomarkers are not specific for the cells that are undergoing cell injury/cell death
Cardiac biomarkers may reveal cell death even in the absence of clinical signs or symptoms
Cardiac panel biomarkers are not specific for the cells that are undergoing cell injury/cell death
Bob is a body builder who lifts heavy weights daily. He recently started a new job that requires frequent out of town travel and has not been able to lift weights like he use to. He notices that since he stopped going to the gym his clothes are loose fitting and his overall body size has decreased. This scenario is best described as what?
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Atrophy
Alyssa recently received the results of her Pap test that indicated a precancerous lesion of abnormal cells characterized by disordered arrangement of growth properties, this would best to be described as:
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Cancer
Dysplasia
Chest pain, often experienced in a patient suffering from an MI is primarily related to which underlying cause?
Anaerobic respiration (lactic acid production)
Release of biomarkers (troponin)
ECG indicators
Release of enzymes (creatine kinase)
Anaerobic respiration (lactic acid production)
Cardiac adaptation to chronic hypertension:
Can occur by hypertrophy but not hyperplasia
Can occur either hyperplasia or hypertrophy
Provides advantage to increased contractile force which restores homeostasis
Causes atherosclerosis
Can occur by hypertrophy but not hyperplasia
Left ventricular hypertrophy can lead to heart failure by:
Decreasing ejection fraction
Increase Supply
Decrease demand
Increased contractility during exercise
Decreasing ejection fraction
Iron pigment accumulations in cells under stress include:
Glycogen
Lipofuscin
Hemosiderin
Melanin
Hemosiderin
During ischemic cell death:
There is an increase in PH as a result of lactic acid formation
Transporters that make ATP can no longer maintain the partition of ions across the cell membrane resulting in calcium influx
Reduce oxygen supply conferences anaerobic respiration to decrease ATP production
Superoxide dismutase is forming free radical forms of oxygen that damages cell membrane
Transporters that make ATP can no longer maintain the partition of ions across the cell membrane resulting in calcium influx
Which one of the following statements about antioxidant systems is correct?
superoxide dismutase converts hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
Reactive oxygen species are only formed when the cell is under stress
Catalase convert superoxide into hydrogen peroxide
Catalase converts hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
Catalase converts hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
Reperfusion injury involves which of the following:
post inflammatory responses can lead to reperfusion injury
Oxygen free radicals attack cellular lipids and proteins
Damage to cell membranes
Any of the above process may occur
Any of the above process may occur
Which of the following statements about free radical injury is not correct?
Free radical injury involves the formation of reactive oxygen species
Free radical injury resulting molecules with unpaired electrons interact with and damage is lipids and proteins
Free radical injury damages cell membranes allowing calcium influx
Free radical injury only occurs when there is excess oxygen
Free radical injury only occurs when there is excess oxygen
Necrosis that is a characteristic of focal bacterial infections is best classified as:
coagulative necrosis
liquefactive necrosis
Cassius necrosis
fat necrosis
liquefactive necrosis
Apoptosis but not necrosis may be characterized by:
Autolysis or self-digestion when enzymes are released from lysosomes
Heterolysis of digestion by immune cells
Karyolysis or digestion of DNA
Activation of an energy dependent process of coordinated cell destruction
Activation of an energy dependent process of coordinated cell destruction
Coagulative necrosis would be associated with one of the following types of gangrene:
Dry
Wet
Gas
Fouriner
Dry
The mechanism underpinning gangrene would best be described as:
hypoxia/ischemia
reactive oxygen species
Inflammation
altered calcium homeostasis
hypoxia/ischemia
Neoplasia
are caused by mutations or intrinsic next stimuli alone
may be benign defined as normal healthy tissue
maybe malignant defined as a neoplasm that has lost growth regulation
may be benign or malignant depending upon growth regulation and differentiation status
may be benign or malignant depending upon growth regulation and differentiation status
Which one of the following statements about either proliferation or differentiation is correct?
all cells of the body can undergo proliferation
cancer cells have a finite number of cell divisions
cancer cells are typically less well differentiated compared to their normal cell counterpart
cancer cells are terminally differentiated
cancer cells are typically less well differentiated compared to their normal cell counterpart
Based upon what you know about cancer you might expect that HeLa cells would:
not express telomerase
Be more differentiated than their normal counterpart
be immortalized
be terminally differentiated
be immortalized
Viral infections typically give rise to cancer by activating which one of the following gene types?
tumor suppressor
Oncogenes
DNA repair genes
tumor cell marker genes
Oncogenes
DNA replication takes place during which one of the following phases of cell cycle?
G1
S
G2
M
S phase
The major role of prb in governing the cell cycle is to:
pause the cell cycle between g0 and G1 until the appropriate environmental signals for cell division are received
pause the cell cycle and G2 for DNA replication errors to be corrected
prepare the cell for division of the chromosomes
assist with DNA replication
pause the cell cycle between g0 and G1 until the appropriate environmental signals for cell division are received
Which of the following types of mutations would be considered a somatic mutation?
a mutation that is inherited from a parent
a mutation that is spontaneously form during fertilization in the egg or sperm
a mutation that is able to be passed on to future generations
a mutation that is found in cells of the body other than egg and sperm
a mutation that is found in cells of the body other than egg and sperm
Which of the following statements about transformation is correct?
transformation occurs when a cell inherits or requires a series of mutations
transformation typically involves mutations in tumor suppressor oncogene and DNA repair pathway genes
once a normal cell is transformed into a cancer cell clonal expansion of the cancer cell can occur
all of the above
all of the above
Which one of the following genes normally functions to inhibit cell growth and division, but when both alleles of this gene are mutated there is a loss of gene function that promotes cancer?
tumor suppressor genes
Oncogenes
DNA repair gene
Telomerase gene
tumor suppressor genes
Which one of the following genes normally promotes cell growth but when one of those mutated there is a gain of an extra growth promoting function that promotes cancer?
tumor suppressor genes
Oncogenes
DNA repair genes
Telomerase gene
Oncogenes
Which one of the following phases of the cell cycle is where p53 acts (think DNA repair)?
G1
S
G2
M
G2
Which one of the following signs & symptoms of colon cancer would most likely be related to problems with nutrient absorption?
black stools
low hemoglobin levels
Fatigue
Weight loss
Weight loss
Treatment of our colon cancer patient was a hemicolectomy this approach was taken because:
the cancer is localized with no evidence of lymph node involvement
the cancer is poorly differentiated with evidence of dissemination
the cancer had evidence of lymph node involvement
the cancer had metastasized
the cancer is localized with no evidence of lymph node involvement
Which of the following cancer cell changes would most likely promote invasion and metastasis?
secretion of proteases
Aneuploidy
translocation
Anchorage independence
Anchorage independence
Which of the following processes reflect the ability of cancer cells to form new blood vessels?
Invasion
Angiogenesis
Metastasis
Cachexia
Angiogenesis
Which of the following phases of tumor development includes irreversible DNA mutation?
Initiation
Proliferation
Promotion
Progression
Initiation
Which one of the following statements about non-small cell lung carcinoma /small cell lung carcinoma is correct?
Most lung cancer is classified as SCLC
SCLC include several types of lung cancers that include squamous cell carcinoma
Comparatively NSCLC is much more likely to metastasize and is generally more aggressive than SCLC
SCLC can be associated with paraneoplastic syndrome where the tumor cells release hormones like antidiuretic hormone
SCLC can be associated with paraneoplastic syndrome where the tumor cells release hormones like antidiuretic hormone
Tumor necrosis factor is thought to mediate which one of the following clinical manifestations of cancer?
Pain
Cachexia (wasting)
Anemia
bone marrow suppression
Cachexia (wasting)
Which one of the following statements about tumor cell markers is not correct?
tumor cell markers include serum markers like carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
Tumor cell markers may be translocations like the Philadelphia chromosomes found in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
tumor cell markers are diagnostic for specific types of cancers
tumor cell markers are often used clinically to monitor patient responsiveness to treatment
tumor cell markers are diagnostic for specific types of cancers
Philadelphia chromosome is best visualized by?
Karotype
CBC
Polymerase chain reaction
Sequencing
Karotype
Which one of the following signs or symptoms associated with CML is most likely caused by the loss of leukocytes?
Fatigue
Anemia
Fever
Pain
Fever
The rule that A binds with T with 2 hydrogen bonds in G binds with C and 3 hydrogen bonds is called?
complementary base pairing
semiconservative replication
sugar phosphate backbone
5 Prime to 3 Prime orientation
complementary base pairing
Which one of the following statements about mutations is not correct?
mutations can be introduced during DNA replication
mutations can be acquired from environmental exposure
mutations can be corrected by DNA repair processes
mutations are necessarily observed as changes in the protein sequence
mutations are necessarily observed as changes in the protein sequence
The pedigree of an individual with an inherited cancer predisposition syndrome would most likely be characterized by?
Only males affected
only female as carriers
many family members with cancer diagnosed at an early age
no evidence of cancer among other family members
many family members with cancer diagnosed at an early age
Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome) is associated with mutations in:
tumor suppressor genes
Oncogenes
DNA repair genes
telomerase genes
DNA repair genes
Which one of the following types of mutations would make no change in the resulting amino acid sequence of the protein?
Silent
Missense
Nonsense
Deletion
Silent
Somatic mutations:
are inherited
can be passed on to the next generation
are found in gametes (egg or sperm)
occur after a person is born
occur after a person is born
Sickle cell disease is often associated with pain primarily as a result of:
ischemia resulting from vaso-occlusive events
enlarged liver and spleen
elevated serum bilirubin
microscopic hematuria
ischemia resulting from vaso-occlusive events
Which one of the following terms best describes the two copies of a given chromosome that results from DNA replication?
sex chromosomes
Autosomes
Homologues
sister chromatids
sister chromatids
Hydroxyurea can help a person with SCD because this drug:
repairs a mutation in the beta globin gene
increases beta globin production so there is more protein available for oxygen delivery
Increases gamma globin production that can replace beta globin in forming hemoglobin
Increase is gamma globin production that can bind to beta globin and form normal hemoglobin
Increases gamma globin production that can replace beta globin in forming hemoglobin
Which one of the following statements about mitosis is correct?
mitosis can occur in cells of the body that can undergo DNA replication
the process of mitosis takes one diploid cell and makes it two haploid cells
mitosis includes crossing over among the chromosomes before cytokinesis
mitosis involves the separation of homologous chromosomes but not the sister chromatids
mitosis can occur in cells of the body that can undergo DNA replication
Which of the following statements about meiosis is correct?
meiosis requires copying of the DNA replication before meiosis 1 and meiosis 2
meiosis involves the separation of sister chromatids in meiosis 1
meiosis includes the separation of homologous chromosomes in meiosis II
meiosis involves crossing over during meiosis 1
meiosis involves crossing over during meiosis 1
The most common cause of down syndrome is?
Aneuploidy (abnormal number)
Polyploidy
Translocation
Chromosomal deletion
Aneuploidy (abnormal number)
Which of the following risk factors for genetic disease is most important in assessing the risk of a woman having a child with Down Syndrome by the most common mechanism?
Advanced maternal age
previous child with Down Syndrome
parent with Down Syndrome
radiation exposure
Advanced maternal age
Two parents who are heterozygous for an autosomal recessive mutation will have which one of the following percent chances of having a carrier child?
25
50
75
100
50
Which one of the following statements about Mendel's first law of the principle of segregation is not correct?
Mendel's first law explains how two different traits are independently inherited
Mendel's first law reflects what happens during meiosis
Mendel's first law explains what happens during gamete formation as chromosomes separate
Mendel's first law in means that for a gene pair that half the gametes carry one allele and half the gametes carry the alternate allele
Mendel's first law explains how two different traits are independently inherited
Inheritance patterns for hemophilia A could include:
Affected females
Carrier males
Two male siblings each with the disease
A male and female sibling each with the disease
Two male siblings each with the disease
Which one of the following statements about hemophilia A is correct?
the severity of hemophilia A depends upon the amount of clotting Factor VIII available to participate in the blood clotting process
hemophilia A can only occur by inheriting the mutations
While females are carriers for the trait, they are also often affected with hemophilia A
Affected males are unable to pass on the trait to their children
the severity of hemophilia A depends upon the amount of clotting Factor VIII available to participate in the blood clotting process
All of the following statements about CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) are correct except?
CFTR is a sodium ion channel
CFTR normally helps produce mucus, sweat , and digestive enzymes
CFTR to text and contributes to weight loss, infection and infertility
Different mutations have different consequences on CFTR
production, structure or stability
CFTR is a sodium ion channel
Non disjunction gives rise to which type of chromosomal abnormality?
Polyploidy
Aneuploidy
Translocation
Inversion
Aneuploidy
Which one of the following statements about cystic fibrosis is correct?
CF is an autosomal dominant gene
People with CF all harbor the deletion of the phenylalnine residue at position 508 of the CFTR
People with CF often have problems with fat digestion and absorption due to the problem with the secretion of lipase from the pancreas
The gold standard test for CF is genetic testing for the deletion of the phenylalanine residue at position 508 of the CFTR
People with CF often have problems with fat digestion and absorption due to the problem with the secretion of lipase from the pancreas
Verified questions
BIOLOGY
List three primate adaptations found in humans, and explain how each one relates to a tree-dwelling habitat.
Verified answer
BIOLOGY
Explain how density-independent limiting factors can affect populations.
Verified answer
BIOLOGY
What are the factors that determine an object's thermal energy?
Verified answer
BIOLOGY
Which structure prevents food from entering the respiratory tract? A. villus. B. pancreas. C. epiglottis. D. stomach.
Verified answer