Micro Chap 4 study guide

Be able to list some structures common to bacterial cells.
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Be able to list some structures common to bacterial cells.
Flagella, pili, endospores
How many chromosomes do bacteria typically have?
One
What appendages are common to bacteria? Which provide motility? Which allow for attachment?
Flagella, axial filaments are for motility and pili and fimbria are used for attachment.
Know the meaning of the 5 terms that describe the types of flagellar arrangement.
Polar arrangement is attached at one or both ends of the poles. Monotrichous is a single flagellum. Lophotrichous is small bunches of tufts emerging from the same sight. Peritrichous is randomly dispersed around the cell. Amphitrichous is one flagella on each pole.
What is chemotaxis, and what are the two types of chemotaxis?
Positive or negative movement in response to a molecule.
What is phototaxis, and what are the two types of phototaxis?
Positive or negative movement in response to light.
How do the flagella of spirochetes differ from other bacteria?
It is located in the space between the cell membrane and the cell wall.
How do fimbria appear under the microscope?
A fringe around the cell.
What is the function of a bacterial pilus (pili)?
Exchanges genetics with other bacteria.
Where is the glycocalyx found? What is the function of the glycocalyx?
The exterior of the cell. It protects the cell.
What is a loose glycocalyx called? What is a dense glycocalyx called?The slime layer. The capsuleWhat are the layers of the cell envelope in a Gram-positive cell?The cell wall and the cell membraneWhat are the layers of the cell envelope in a Gram-negative cell?The outer membrane, cell wall and cell membrane.Which structure determines whether bacteria are Gram positive or Gram negative?The cell wallWhat is the specific layer of the cell wall that is thicker in Gram Positive cells?Peptidoglycan layerWhat two macromolecules compose a peptidoglycan? What are the two repeating carbohydrate units (initials will do)? What cross connects the carbohydrate chains to give them their strength?Short proteins and carbohydrates. NAG and NAM. They are cross linked by peptides.What protects bacteria from osmotic pressure?The cell wallWhich bacteria have an outer membrane? Why are the lipids in the outer membrane of concern?Gram negative bacteria. They are endotoxins.Which proteins form special channels to allow the passage of molecules?LipopolysaccharidesWhat is unique about the call walls of Mycobacterium? What type of stain is used to identify them?Their cell walls are lipid based. Acid-fast stains.What is unique about the cell walls of Archaea?They lack the peptidoglycan layerDo bacteria exist that have no cell wall at all?YesDescribe a typical bacterial cell membrane. ("A bacterial cell membrane is a semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer with integral and peripheral proteins") (note - bacteria do not have cholesterol in their membranes)A bacterial cell membrane is a semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer with integral and peripheral proteins") (note - bacteria do not have cholesterol in their membranes)What are some functions of the cell membrane?Proteins function in energy reactions, nutrient processing, and synthesis. Regulates transport and secretes.What is the major constituent of the cytoplasm?Site for biochemical and synthesis reactionsWhat form does bacterial DNA usually take?A single circular strand.What are plasmids? What does a plasmid look like? What would be an example of a trait that a bacteria might get from a plasmid?Additional pieces of DNA that are double stranded circles of DNA that makes bacteria drug resistant.What two macromolecules compose a ribosome? How many subunits make up a ribosome?RNA and protein. 2 subunits.What are inclusions?Non-membrane bound granulesAre bacterial endospores a reproductive structure or a survival structure?Survival structureGive the specific name of one bacteria that is capable of producing an endospore.BacillusWhat is the term for the normal, active cell when it is not an endospore?Vegetative cellWhat can cause a bacterial cell to become an endospore?Depletion of nutrients, water, carbon, nitrogen or oxygen.How hardy are bacterial endospores? What mineral contributes to this?They are the hardest of all life forms. Calcium and dipicolinic acid.What would stimulate an endospore to become a vegetative cell again?Water and a specific germination agentWhat are the three general shapes of bacteria?Coccus, Bacillus, and SpirillumWhere might you find an Archaea in nature? What is one way the Archaea differ from the Bacteria?Deep sea vents, hot springs, salt lakes or anaerobic swamp mud. Cell structure.