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BIO 169 Chapter 27

Terms in this set (25)

Place a single word in each sentence to make it correct.
Regulation of intake is governed by thirst receptors that pick up signals of DEHYDRATION and return the body to a rehydrated state.
Dehydration can lead to INCREASED blood osmolarity.
This state will stimulate HYPOTHALAMIC osmoreceptors.
This stimulation will lead to reduced SALIVATION and the sense of thirst.
Through INGESTION of water, a negative feedback system is completed.
Check all that are major anions in the body.
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Choose the correct word from the list to complete each sentence regarding the kidney's role in maintaining stable pH levels in the body.
When extracellular pH decreases, the rate of H⁺ secretion INCREASES.
When the extracellular pH decreases, the rate of bicarbonate REABSORBTION increases.
When extracellular pH increases, the rate of H⁺secretion DECREASES.
Reabsorbed bicarbonate combines with H⁺ in the extracellular fluid, which RAISES extracellular pH.
Complete each sentence by dragging the proper label into the appropriate position.
Plasma sodium concentrations above 145 mEq/L represent hypernatremia, a condition that rarely occurs due to equal increases in water.
The consumption of massive amounts of water in a short time frame can produce hyponatremia, resulting from a dilution of sodium in the ECF.
When large quantities of potassium are released from the ICF following massive tissue trauma, hyperkalemia results, causing membrane potentials to be abnormally less negative due to a reduced concentration gradient.
Due often to excess sweating, diarrhea, or vomiting, hypokalemia causes the cell membrane to be hyperpolarized due to increased concentration gradients.
Hyperparathyroidism can result in hypercalcemia, a condition that reduces the membrane permeability to sodium and thus inhibits membrane depolarization.
Muscular tetanus can occur as a result of hypocalcemia brought on by illness or vitamin D deficiency whereby the muscle and nerve membranes are hyperactive.
Put the following in order to illustrate the neural mechanism involved in regulating extracellular blood volume.
1. Baroreceptors detect increase in blood pressure
2. Sympathetic input decreases to afferent arterioles in kidney
3. Afferent arterioles dilate
4. Glomerular filtration rate increases
5. Urine volume increases
What roles does phosphate play in the body?
It is found in the salts of bone and teeth.
It is an important component of several macromolecules.
It is part of an important intracellular buffer system.
Check all that would occur to intracellular and extracellular fluid if you become dehydrated.
Solute concentration in the extracellular fluid increases.
Water moves out of the cell and into the extracellular fluid.
Protein concentration within the cell does not change.
Which of the following are sources of water intake?
Cellular metabolism
Ingestion
Using the arrows as a guide, drag and drop the labels into the correct order, based on when they occur or are converted.
...
1. Completely dissociates into its component ions; adds H+ to a system. Strong acid
2. Completely dissociates into its component ions; removes H+ from a system. Strong base
3. Does not completely dissociate into its component ions; adds H+ to a system. Weak acid
4. Does not completely dissociate into its component ions; removes H+ from a system. Weak base
Match the acids and bases with their descriptions.
Place a single word in each sentence to make it correct.
The kidneys can permanently remove substances which affect pH balance by secreting them into the urine.
Tubule cells can catabolize certain amino acids and release ammonia as a product.
This product will diffuse into the tubular fluid where it can act as a base to neutralize the fluid.
It will react with H⁺ and Cl⁻, which is passed in the urine.
This action works as a buffer to reduce the strong acidity of the fluid.
Select the correct word to complete each sentence.
Large organic molecules, such as proteins, influence the concentrations of solutes inside the cell.
The transport of ions influences the concentration of ions inside and outside of the cell.
An electrical charge difference on the plasma membrane influences the distribution of ions inside and outside of the cell.
The distribution of water is regulated by osmosis.
Indicate whether the given act would create water retention or water loss in the body.
...
Place a single word in each sentence to make it correct.
Electrolytes are physiologically important because they affect electrical potential across membranes and contribute to osmolarity of body fluids.
Major cations of the body include sodium, potassium, and hydrogen.
Oppositely, major anions include chloride, bicarbonate, and phosphates.
Concentrations of these anions and cations are needed in specific amounts to maintain normal metabolism of the body.
Electrolyte concentration above or below the normal needed amounts can lead to disorders.
Check all that occur as a result of low blood volume and low blood pressure.
ADH secretion increases.
Juxtaglomerular cells increase renin secretion.
Afferent arterioles in the kidneys constrict.Afferent arterioles in the kidneys constrict. Correct
Check all that have important aspects of regulating thirst.
Increase in blood pressure
Decrease in blood pressure
Fluid osmolality
Check all that occur in the kidneys in response to increased body pH levels.
The rate of HCO3- reabsorption from the tubules decreases.
The rate of H+ secretion into the filtrate decreases.
Match the causes listed below with the correct disorder.
...
Complete each sentence by dragging the proper label into the appropriate position. Not all terms will be used.
A buffer is any mechanism that resists changes in pH.
A physiological buffer uses direct elimination of acids, bases, or carbon dioxide from the body in order to adjust systemic acidity.
Substances that bind H⁺ during times of acidity and release H⁺ during the time of alkalinity are referred to as chemical buffers.
Carbon dioxide, when present in sufficient amounts, will bind with water to form carbonic acid, which is capable of dissociating into bicarbonate. This process is reversible in the presence of high acidity or low carbon dioxide concentrations.
The phosphate buffer system plays a significant role in the ICF (where phosphates are located in high concentrations) because phosphates are capable of binding and unbinding H⁺, depending on current conditions of acidity or alkalinity.
The carboxyl ends of protein chains are capable of buffering H⁺ as part of the protein buffer system.
Match the cause and description of the acid-base balance with its name.
1. Results from inadequate ventilation of the lungs Respiratory acidosis
2. Results from hyperventilation of the lungs Respiratory alkalosis
3. Results from all conditions that decrease the pH below 7.35 Acidosis
4. Results from all conditions that increase the pH above 7.45 Alkalosis
What organ(s) play(s) a role in the excretion of sodium?
Skin
Kidneys
Check all that occur as a result of high blood pressure and high blood volume.
ANH is secreted, increasing sodium and water loss in the urine.
Urine production increases.
Juxtaglomerular cells decrease renin secretion.
Match the description with the buffer type.
1. Formed with CO2 and water mix; important in controlling extracellular pH Carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system
2. Provides the majority of the body's buffer capacity; hemoglobin is an example Protein buffer system
3. An important intracellular buffer; HPO4- is an example Phosphate buffer system
Check all that are major cations in the body.
Sodium
Potassium
Drag and drop the event with its effect on body pH levels.
...
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